ch 2

Question 1

constant error (CE)

Answer 1

amount and direction of deviation from the target. doesn’t consider scatter or data. discrete skills

Question 2

variable error (VE)

Answer 2

measures the inconsistency/variability. standard deviation. discrete skills.

Question 3

Root mean square error (RMSE)

Answer 3

measure of overall error. used for continuous skills like pursuit tracking

Question 4

Root mean square (RMS)

Answer 4

magnitude of set of data. a way to understand data when an average is misleading.

Question 5

-Reaction time (RT)
-Simple-RT tasks
-Choice-RT tasks

Answer 5

-RT= time between stimulus and onset of response
-simple-RT= only one response available
-choice-RT= multiple choices/multiple stimuli

Question 6

Premotor-RT

Answer 6

time for central processing

Question 7

posturography: force plates

Answer 7

to access standing balance.
how fast/hard someone loads a surface, measures COP (or postural sway)

Question 8

motion capture cameras, goniometers, accelerators

Answer 8

records movement (independent of the forces that cause the movement). displacement, acceleration, velocity

Question 9

Electromyography (EMG)

Answer 9

records electrical activity of muscles. electrodes in muscles or on skin.

Question 10

Head-mounted eye tracking

Answer 10

records eye movements

Question 11

microneurography

Answer 11

records electrical activity of single axons

Question 12

computerized dynamic posturography (CDP)

Answer 12

used to administer the SOT test (sensory organization test).
embedded force plate and visual surround: vestibular system info

Question 13

surround-sway referenced

Answer 13

visual surround moves forward and backward in proportion to person’s sway
–> removes vestibular info

Question 14

support-sway referenced

Answer 14

support surface rotates (moves forward and back) in proportion to person’s sway
–> removes somatosensory info

Question 15

single neuron recording. improvements in…

Answer 15

1. the ability to amplify very small electrical signals
2. smaller electrodes= ability to measure and record activity of a single neuron

Question 16

extracellular recording

Answer 16

measuring changes in voltage from the outside of the cell membrane

Question 17

awake vs. anesthetized

Answer 17

awake allows us to study how the brain functions in relation to behaviour (but require electrodes to be implanted in head)

Question 18

cell sorting

Answer 18

each cell recorded by the microelectrode will have a different waveform that needs to be isolated

Question 19

analysis of neural activity: do the action potentials from different neurons vary in shape and amplitude?

Answer 19

NO! they remain consistent because action potentials are all or none

Question 20

electrical microstimulation

Answer 20

it is possible to pass electrical current to neurons to evoke action potentials

Question 21

classify: fMRI, EEG etc.

Answer 21

neural recording (no manipulation of neural activity)

Question 22

classify: TMS, tES etc.

Answer 22

electrical stimulation (manipulates neural activity)

Question 23

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

Answer 23

measures magnetic disturbance between oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood due to neural activity

Question 24

MEG (magnetoencephalography)

Answer 24

measures the very weak magnetic fields generated by the brain’s electrical activity

Question 25

EEG (electoencephalography)

Answer 25

scalp electrodes that record the electrical activity of the brain

Question 26

TMS (transcranial magnestic stimulation)

Answer 26

stimulates the brain through the scalp and skull. electrical coil placed over head induces an electric current in brain

Question 27

TMS can be used to

Answer 27

1. map connectivity in cortex
2. map motor excitability of cortex
3. rehabilitate motor function
   etc.

Question 28

tES (transcranial electrical stimulation)

Answer 28

electrodes on scalp that conduct current into brain

Question 29

anode (electrode)

Answer 29

excites. current enters brain through anode

Question 30

cathode (electrode)

Answer 30

inhibits. current exits brain through cathode

Question 31

TMS and tES difference

Answer 31

TMS directly induces curent/action potentials.
tES does not directly induce; it changes membrane potential so that the brain region is more/less likely to activate