ch 2 Flashcards
constant error (CE)
amount and direction of deviation from the target. doesn’t consider scatter or data. discrete skills
variable error (VE)
measures the inconsistency/variability. standard deviation. discrete skills.
Root mean square error (RMSE)
measure of overall error. used for continuous skills like pursuit tracking
Root mean square (RMS)
magnitude of set of data. a way to understand data when an average is misleading.
-Reaction time (RT)
-Simple-RT tasks
-Choice-RT tasks
-RT= time between stimulus and onset of response
-simple-RT= only one response available
-choice-RT= multiple choices/multiple stimuli
Premotor-RT
time for central processing
posturography: force plates
to access standing balance.
how fast/hard someone loads a surface, measures COP (or postural sway)
motion capture cameras, goniometers, accelerators
records movement (independent of the forces that cause the movement). displacement, acceleration, velocity
Electromyography (EMG)
records electrical activity of muscles. electrodes in muscles or on skin.
Head-mounted eye tracking
records eye movements
microneurography
records electrical activity of single axons
computerized dynamic posturography (CDP)
used to administer the SOT test (sensory organization test).
embedded force plate and visual surround: vestibular system info
surround-sway referenced
visual surround moves forward and backward in proportion to person’s sway
–> removes vestibular info
support-sway referenced
support surface rotates (moves forward and back) in proportion to person’s sway
–> removes somatosensory info
single neuron recording. improvements in…
- the ability to amplify very small electrical signals
- smaller electrodes= ability to measure and record activity of a single neuron
extracellular recording
measuring changes in voltage from the outside of the cell membrane
awake vs. anesthetized
awake allows us to study how the brain functions in relation to behaviour (but require electrodes to be implanted in head)
cell sorting
each cell recorded by the microelectrode will have a different waveform that needs to be isolated
analysis of neural activity: do the action potentials from different neurons vary in shape and amplitude?
NO! they remain consistent because action potentials are all or none
electrical microstimulation
it is possible to pass electrical current to neurons to evoke action potentials
classify: fMRI, EEG etc.
neural recording (no manipulation of neural activity)
classify: TMS, tES etc.
electrical stimulation (manipulates neural activity)
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
measures magnetic disturbance between oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood due to neural activity
MEG (magnetoencephalography)
measures the very weak magnetic fields generated by the brain’s electrical activity
EEG (electoencephalography)
scalp electrodes that record the electrical activity of the brain
TMS (transcranial magnestic stimulation)
stimulates the brain through the scalp and skull. electrical coil placed over head induces an electric current in brain
TMS can be used to
- map connectivity in cortex
- map motor excitability of cortex
- rehabilitate motor function
etc.
tES (transcranial electrical stimulation)
electrodes on scalp that conduct current into brain
anode (electrode)
excites. current enters brain through anode
cathode (electrode)
inhibits. current exits brain through cathode
TMS and tES difference
TMS directly induces curent/action potentials.
tES does not directly induce; it changes membrane potential so that the brain region is more/less likely to activate
