Ch 4: Cognition, Consciousness, and Language

Question 1

information processing model

Answer 1

states that the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information much like a computer

Question 2

piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Answer 2

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 3

sensorimotor stage

Answer 3

focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions. object permanence ends this stage

Question 4

preoperational stage

Answer 4

focuses on symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration

Question 5

concrete operational stage

Answer 5

focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical (concrete) objects

Question 6

formal operational stage

Answer 6

focuses on abstract thought and problem-solving

Question 7

mental set

Answer 7

pattern of approach for a given problem. an inappropriate mental set may negatively impact problem-solving

Question 8

functional fixedness

Answer 8

tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized, which may create barriers to problem-solving

Question 9

types of problem solving

Answer 9

trial-and-error
algorithms
deductive reasoning (deriving conclusions from general rules)
inductive reasoning (deriving generalizations from evidence)

Question 10

heuristics

Answer 10

shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make decisions

Question 11

gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence

Answer 11

linguistic
logical-mathematical
musical
visual-spatial
bodily-kinesthetic
interpersonal
intrapersonal

Question 12

on EEG (electroencephalography) when alert

Answer 12

beta and alpha waves predominate

Question 13

stage 1

Answer 13

light sleep

theta waves on EEG

Question 14

stage 2

Answer 14

slightly deeper sleep

theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes

Question 15

stage 3 and 4

Answer 15

deep, slow wave sleep SWS; consolidating declarative memories
delta waves

Question 16

most sleep disorders occur during

Answer 16

stage 3 and 4 nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep

Question 17

REM sleep often called ____ since the mind appears awake on EEG but they are sleeping; consolidating procedural memories

Answer 17

paradoxial sleep

Question 18

sleep cycle is ___ minutes and ___ although REM more frequent near morning

Answer 18

90

1-2-3-4-3-2-REM

Question 19

melatonin

Answer 19

changes in light in the evening trigger this in the pineal gland resulting in sleepiness

Question 20

cortisol

Answer 20

increase levels in morning to promote wakefulness

Question 21

circadian rhythms

Answer 21

trend around a 24 hour day

Question 22

dreaming occurs in

Answer 22

REM but some occurs in other stages