Ch 4: Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Flashcards
information processing model
states that the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information much like a computer
piaget’s stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
sensorimotor stage
focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions. object permanence ends this stage
preoperational stage
focuses on symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration
concrete operational stage
focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical (concrete) objects
formal operational stage
focuses on abstract thought and problem-solving
mental set
pattern of approach for a given problem. an inappropriate mental set may negatively impact problem-solving
functional fixedness
tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized, which may create barriers to problem-solving
types of problem solving
trial-and-error
algorithms
deductive reasoning (deriving conclusions from general rules)
inductive reasoning (deriving generalizations from evidence)
heuristics
shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make decisions
gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence
linguistic logical-mathematical musical visual-spatial bodily-kinesthetic interpersonal intrapersonal
on EEG (electroencephalography) when alert
beta and alpha waves predominate
stage 1
light sleep
theta waves on EEG
stage 2
slightly deeper sleep
theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes
stage 3 and 4
deep, slow wave sleep SWS; consolidating declarative memories
delta waves
most sleep disorders occur during
stage 3 and 4 nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
REM sleep often called ____ since the mind appears awake on EEG but they are sleeping; consolidating procedural memories
paradoxial sleep
sleep cycle is ___ minutes and ___ although REM more frequent near morning
90
1-2-3-4-3-2-REM
melatonin
changes in light in the evening trigger this in the pineal gland resulting in sleepiness
cortisol
increase levels in morning to promote wakefulness
circadian rhythms
trend around a 24 hour day
dreaming occurs in
REM but some occurs in other stages
