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Behavioral Sciences > Ch 2: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Ch 2: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

conversion, or transduction, of physical, electromagnetic, auditory, and other information from the internal and external environment into electrical signals in the nervous system

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2
Q

perception

A

processing of sensory information to make sense of its significance

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3
Q

sensory receptors

A

nerves that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals

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4
Q

sensory ganglia

A

sensory neurons are associated with this; collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system

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5
Q

projection areas

A

sensory stimuli are transmitted by these areas in the brain; which further analyze the sensory input

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6
Q

common sensory receptors include

A

photoreceptors, hair cells, nociceptors, thermoreceptors, osmoreceptors, olfactory receptors, and taste receptors

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7
Q

threshold

A

minimum stimulus that causes a change in signal transduction

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8
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system

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9
Q

threshold of conscious perception

A

minimum of stimulus energy that will create a signal large enough large enough in size and long enough in duration to be brought into awareness

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10
Q

difference threshold or just-noticeable difference (jnd)

A

is the minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive this difference

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11
Q

weber’s law

A

states the jnd for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus and that this proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli

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12
Q

signal detection theory

A

refers to the effects of nonsensory factors, such as experiences, motives, and expectations, on perception of stimuli

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13
Q

signal detection theory allows us to look at ____, for a stimulus may or may not be given and the subject is asked to state whether or not the stimulus was given. there are four possible outcomes: hits, misses, false alarms, or correct negatives

A

response bias

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14
Q

adaptation

A

refers to a decrease in response to a stimulus over time

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15
Q

eye detects light in the form of

A

photons

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16
Q

cornea

A

gathers and filters incoming light

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17
Q

iris

A

divides the front of the eye into the anterior and posterior chamber. it contains two muscles, the dilator and constrictor pupillae, which opens and closes the pupil

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18
Q

lens

A

refracts incoming light to focus it on the retina and is held in place by suspensory ligaments connected by the ciliary muscle

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19
Q

the ciliary body produces ____ which drains into the canal of Schlemm

A

aqueous humor

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20
Q

retina contains

A

rods and cones

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21
Q

rods

A

detect light and dark

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22
Q

cones

A

comes in three forms (short, medium, long wavelength) to detect colors

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23
Q

retina contains mostly cones in the

A

macula, which corresponds to the central visual fields

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24
Q

center of the macula

A

fovea, which contains only cones

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25
Q

rods and cones synapse on

A

bipolar cells, which synapse on ganglion cells. integration of the signals from the ganglion cells and edge-sharpening is performed by horizontal and amacrine cells

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26
Q

bulk of the eye is supported by the ____ on the inside and ___ and ____ on the outside

A

vitreous

sclera and choroid

27
Q

visual pathway starts from the eye, and travels from through the ____x4 of the thalamus, and visual radiations to get to the visual cortex

A

optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tracts, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

28
Q

optic chiasm

A

contains fibers crossing from the nasal side of the retina (temporal visual fields) of both eyes

29
Q

visual radiations

A

run through the temporal and parietal lobes

30
Q

visual cortex

A

is in the occipital lobe

31
Q

vision like all senses is processed through

A

parallel processing; the ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color, shape, and motion

32
Q

color is detected by

A

cones

33
Q

parvocellular cells

A

detect shape, with high spatial resolution and low temporal resolution

34
Q

magnocellular cells

A

detect motion, with low spatial resolution and high temporal resolution

35
Q

ear is divided into

A

outer, middle, and inner

36
Q

outer ear consists of

A

pinna (auricle), external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane

37
Q

middle ear consists of

A

ossicles: malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)

38
Q

footplate of the stapes rests in the

A

oval window of the cochlea

39
Q

middle ear is connected to the nasal cavity by

A

eustachian tube

40
Q

inner ear contains the

A

bony labyrinth, within which is the membranous labyrinth

41
Q

the bony labyrinth is filled with ____; the membranous labyrinth is filled with ____

A

perilymph

endolymph

42
Q

membranous labyrinth consists of the ____ ,which detects sound, ______ , which detect linear acceleration, and _____ , which detect rotational acceleration

A

cochlea
utricle and saccule
semicircular canals

43
Q

auditory pathway starts from the cochlea and travels through the ____ and ____ of the thalamus to get to the ____ in the temporal lobe

A

vestibulocochlear nerve
medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
auditory cortex

44
Q

sound information also projects to the ___ which localizes the sound, and the ____, which is involved in the startle reflex

A

superior olive

inferior colliculus

45
Q

smell is the detection of a volatile or aerosolized chemicals by the ___ in the olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory chemoreceptors (olfactory nerves)

46
Q

the olfactory pathway starts from the olfactory nerves and travels through the ___ and ____ to get to higher-order brain areas, such as the limbic system

A

olfactory bulb

olfactory tract

47
Q

pheromones

A

chemicals given off by animals that have an effect on social, foraging, and sexual behavior in other members of that species

48
Q

taste is the detection of dissolved compounds by ___ in ___. It comes in five modalities: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory)

A

taste buds

papillae

49
Q

somatosensation

A

refers to the four touch modalities: pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature

50
Q

two-point threshold

A

is the minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distant stimuli

51
Q

physiological zero

A

is the normal temperature of the skin, to which objects are compared to determine if they feel “warm” or “cold”

52
Q

nociceptors

A

responsible for pain perception

53
Q

gate theory of pain

A

states that pain sensation is reduced when other somatosensory signals are present

54
Q

kinesthetic sense (proprioception)

A

refers to the ability to tell where one’s body is in three-dimensional space

55
Q

bottom-up (data-driven) processing

A

refers to recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection. it is slower, but less prone to mistakes

56
Q

top-down (conceptually driven) processing

A

refers to recognition of an object by memories and expectations, with little attention to detail. it is faster, but more prone to mistakes

57
Q

gestalt principles

A

are ways that the brain can infer missing parts of a picture when a picture is incomplete

58
Q

law of proximity

A

elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit

59
Q

law of similarity

A

objects that are similar appear to be grouped together

60
Q

law of good continuation

A

elements that appear to follow the same pathway tend to be grouped together

61
Q

subjective contours

A

perception of nonexistent edges in figures, based on the surrounding visual cues

62
Q

law of closure

A

when a space is enclosed by a group of lines, it is perceived as a complete or closed line

63
Q

law of pragnanz

A

says that perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible

Behavioral Sciences (4 decks)

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