ch 4 - appendicular

Question 1

appendicular skeleton

Answer 1

upper

• pectoral: clavical + scapula
• humerus
• radius + ulna
• carpal bones (8) + bones of hand (metacarpal)

Lower

• pelvis: pubis, ilium, ischium
• femur
• tibia + fibula
• tarsal bones (7) + bones of foot (metatarsals)

Question 2

pectoral girdle

Answer 2

(Shoulder girdle)
Scapula + clavicle

Sternum is where the Pectoral girdle attaches to the Axial skeleton

Scapular is a floating bone on the ribcage

Only connecting point between the upper limb and the axial skeleton is on the Sternoclavicular Joint

Question 3

sternoclavicular joint

Answer 3

Disc in this joint, these fibrocartilage take a lot of force and compression which is pressure in the

There is a lot of force on the upper or lower extremeties which goes ultimately to the sternoclavicular joint, we have a disc there.

In between the clavicle is the interclavicular ligament (the green highlighted thing)

Costal clavicular ligament

Question 4

right clavicle

Answer 4

Collar bone is most broken bone

Has a square end and a flat end like a beavers tail

Acromial end which reaches out the acromial process on the scapular, this is very flat

The Sternal end has a square end which forms a joint with the manubrium

Underside has bumbs and groves on it, which would show it is the right clavicle because the square end (sternal end) would attach to the manubrium.

Conoid Tubercle is at the bottom

Costoclavicular ligament

Question 5

vascular orientation

Answer 5

Subclavicular space

Space where there are many vessels and nerves

Broken clavicle could pierce the vessel

Broken clavicle could sever the nerve and hinder ability to move all upper limbs

Question 6

broken collar bone

Answer 6

most frequently broken bone

usually fractures at lateral (distal) third

Bone wont protrude through the skin

The broken bone should be stabilized so it does not damage structures

Ligaments located medially anchor clavicle to the axial skeleton

Question 7

scapula - coracoid process

Answer 7

Sticks out from the body of the bone and turns to the side

Attachment for ligaments and muscle

No bone attachments

Question 8

scapula - acromion process

Answer 8

Acromial end of the clavicle articulates with the acromion

Spine is the bridge that runs to the acromion process

Question 9

scapula - infraglenoid tubercle

Answer 9

Infra meaning below, there is also a tubercle above the glenoid process called the Supraglenoid tubercle

Separates 2 spinous fossa

Question 10

scapula - supraspinous fossa

Answer 10

Medial border (left) lateral border (on the right)

Question 11

scapula - inferior angle

Answer 11

Medial border and lateral border meet

Question 12

humurus distal

Answer 12

Anterior view has a spool of thread

Posterior has a large impression

Medial Epicondyle
- When you bang the bone the ulna nerve is hit, which is the funny bone

Hourglass on the anterior is called the trochlea which articulates with the Ulna

Coronoid Fossa
- Small fossa located just about the trochlea

Just above the capitulum is the Radial Fossa
- The head of the radius fits into the radial fossa when the elbow is flexed

Question 13

ulna and radius

Answer 13

Proximal end of the Ulna is large and smaller towards the distal end.

Proximal end of the Radius is small compared to the distal end.

Bicipital Tuberosity
- Where bicep attaches

Ulnar Tuberosity
- Located just down from the head of ulna, is an attachment for muscle underneath the bicep

Styloid process of radius
- An extension

Ulna is always Medial

Question 14

radial and ulnar details

Answer 14

Olecranon
- Creates the c shape on the Ulna bone

Coronoid Process

Interosseous Membrane
- Keeps the radius and ulnar together

Proximal radial ulnar joint and Distal radial ulnar joint

Ulnar notch is located on the distal radius

Question 15

supination + pronation

Answer 15

Supinate

• Holding a cup of soup
• hand up

pronation
- hand facing down

Question 16

right wrist and hand (palmer)

Answer 16

Thumb is lateral and pinky is the medial (towards the core of the body) when in supine position

We have 14 Phalanges

Digits 2 to 5, there are 3 phalanges in each

Each phalanx have a head body and base

Thumb is missing a middle phalanx

Metacarpels are named after the digits they support

Question 17

8 carpal bones

Answer 17

Small short bones which allow a lot of movement with out fingers and our hands

All of these make up the wrist

Lateral to Medial, Proximal to Distal

Scaphoid
- Most frequently boken wrist bone

Lunate

Pisiform
- Cannot see it from the dorsal side because it is above the Triquetral bone

Hamate
- Hook like process, only seen from the Palmer view.

Question 18

pelvis girdle

Answer 18

Acetabulum
- Where the femur fits, stronger than the shoulder joint

ASIS and the Pubic Tubercle
- Serve as an attachemtn for Inguinal ligament

Pubic Symphysis

Obturator Foramen

Rami of pubis
- Groin muscles attach here

Pubic Arch

• More narrow for males
• Much wider for females

Question 19

head of femur

Answer 19

Head is directed off the shaft of the bone at a 90 degree angle

Question 20

distal femur

Answer 20

Anterior side of the femur is very smooth
Posterior side is very rough

Head of the femur comes off at a right angle, and must move medial.

Gluteal tuberosity
- Where the gluteus maximus attaches

Ridge is called the Linea Aspera
- Attachment for the groin muscles

Adductor Tubercle
- Sticks out on the medial side

Condyles
- Posterior side

Question 21

Distal Femur and Proximal Tibia/Fibula

Answer 21

Condyles and Epicondyles sit on top of the tibia

Similar to the forearm region, the lower leg the Tibia is always medial (much larger of the 2 bones)

Patella is embedded in the quadriceps tendon (allows you to extend your legs) protects the anterior knee

Epicondiles are next to the patella

Patella surface where it glides is the Condyle

Fibula is the bone that accompanies the tibia

• Different than the radius in the arm, it contributes to the elbow joint
• Fibula does not contribute to the knee joint, it does not cross over it is always lateral

Tibial Tuberosity
- Point where quadricep tendon attaches to

Question 22

tibia and fibula

Answer 22

Fibula bares little weight

Tibia articulates with the femur

Fibula does not articulate with the knee joint, stabilizes lateral ankle joints

Condyles of the femur sit on top of the Tibial Plateau

On the Tibial Plateau is the Intercondylar eminence (in between the condyles)
- Keeps the condyles on top the of tibial plateau

Head and neck of fibula is important for muscular attachment

Medial malleolus is the tibia

Lateral malleolus is the distal fibula

These bones together saddle around the tarsal (ankle bones)

Question 23

distal shank n ankle

Answer 23

Talus articulates with lateral malleolus and medial malleolus

Calcaneous

Question 24

bones of ankle and foot

Answer 24

Thumb is similar to great toe, which only has 2 phalanges

Smooth appearance due to hyaline cartilage

Question 25

lateral and medial foot

Answer 25

Lateral view

• Cuboid
• Medial to cuboid are Medial Cuneiform, , Intermediate Cuneiform, and Lateral Cuneiform
• Navicular bone is anterior to the Talus

Sustentaculum tali is called the Talum shelf

• Underneath this is a passage way for tendons to attach to digits
• Tendons come from calf muscles

Question 26

arches

Answer 26

Feet distributes the weight and gives us more balance

Arches create passageway which bears the weight which is distributed out

Medial Longitudinal Arch

Lateral Longitudinal Arch

Transverse Arch

Ligaments and muscles support these arches
- Creates a dome shape due to ankle and anterior portion of foor and the lateral arch