6a Flashcards
longus
longer of the two muscles
gratis
abbreviated, cut short of shortened, where we have longus we have b
e.g. rectus femorus - name
rectus means straight
femorus - in femoral region
e.g. perctoralis major - name
major means larger one in group of muscles
e.g vs pectoralis minor
e.g. orbicularis oris - name
muscle around mouht
orbicularis - shape (circle)
oris - mouth
e.g. sartorius - name
Attaches to anterior superior iliac spine and goes down to medial tibia
Cross the thigh
muscles of facial expression
innveration is CN7 (facial nerve)
muscles attach to bones in face, but also skin + fascia
Orbicularis oculi
Muscle around the eye
Winking muscle, blinking muscle, closes the eye
Attaches to bone, soft tissue like fascia and skin
is a muscle of facial expression, CN7
zygomaticus major + minor
Smiling muscles, zygomatic arch (cheek bone) to the corner of the mouth
is a muscle of facial expression, CN7
orbicularis oris
Bone and soft tissues around the mouth
Kissing muscle, purges the lips out when it closes
is a muscle of facial expression, CN7
depressor anguli oris
Frowning muscle, corner of the mouth
is a muscle of facial expression, CN7
platysma
Tightens the skin on the neck (soft tissues), called shaving muscle
is a muscle of facial expression, CN7
Galea Aponeurosis
Central muscle
Frontalis (occipitofrontalis)
Occipitalis (occipitofrontalis)
is a muscle of facial expression, CN7
buccinator
NOT a muscle of facial expression but it does help you chew
facial nerve innervation CN7
facial nerve (CN7)
Arises in brainstem
- enters the IAM (internal auditory meatus)
- exits the SM foramen (styloid mastoid foramen)
When damaged, your face ‘melts’ on that side
- Bell’s Palsy
5 main branches of facial nerve
- Temporal
- Zygomatic
- Buccal
- Mandibular
- Cervical
where does facial nerve split
parotid gland
muscles of mastication
mastication - chewing - temporalis - buccinator - masseter - 2 pterygoid muscles innervated by mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN8)
2 pterygoid muscles
2 pterygoid muscles arise from pterygoid plate of sphenoid
• medial pterygoid runs same direction as masseter and will assist in elevation
muscles of tongue (glossus)
Intrinsic muscles of tongue important to speech & chewing put not prime movers of the jaw.
Involved with swallowing, moving food, speaking Cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal) - genioglossus - styloglossus - hyoglossus EXCEPT! palatoglossus = vagus nerve
muscles of pharynx (throat)
Pharyngeal Constrictors and assisting muscles
TWO LAYERS
(Inner) longitudinal muscles
(outer) circular layer
• Attachments to bone, cartilage and ligaments
• close the nasopharynx
• act as constrictors of the pharynx during swallowing
• innervated by Vagus nerve (CN X)
EXCEPT! Stylopharyngeus - glossopharyngeal
suprahyoid
most attached to the hyoid; raise larynx or depress mandible (open mouth)
infrahyoid
depresses the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speaking
Sternocleidomastoid and Lateral Musculature
Posterior
- Cervical roots
* Extension of the head and neck
Sternocleidomastoid and Lateral Musculature
Anterior
- two distal attachments
- cranial nerve IX (accessory) and cervical roots
- flexes neck, rotates head to opposite side
- landmark for structures in the neck
muscles
Muscles extend joints
Muscles in a compartment originate from the same developmental origin and sometimes even the same innervation.
The femoral nerve innervates all the muscles of the thigh. (completely random such this up later).
Flexor digitorum muscles in the fingers and thumb.
muscle architecture
Many of muscles are named after the function and there are different ways to name them.
Some muscles have multiple names
Extensor digitorum muscles extend the digits in either the hand or the feet.
Longus means the longer of the two muscles and we have a brevis for a smaller type muscles .
muscle architecture
Sometimes they are named after origin like the biceps.
The biceps is two heads as the number of origins.
Bicep brachii (brachium is the arm region) it could be looked at as an attachment or location.
muscle architecture
Styloglossus runs from the styloid process of the temporal bone to the tongue
This is a muscle named after its attachments
muscle architecture
rectus
Rectus means straight
rectus femoris is a straight muscle in the quadricep region.
muscle architecture
pectoralis
Pectoralis major is in the pectoral or chest region and major means larger of a group of muscles
There are two nerves that innervate that compartment.
We also have a pectoralis minor.
muscle architecture
orbicularis oris
Orbicularis oris is a muscle around the mouth and orbicularis means the shape and oris is reference to mouth
This is both location and origin.
muscle architecture
some muscles have strange names that do not meet in size location or function
The sartorius is Greek for tailor and this muscle crosses the thigh.
It attaches to the anterior superior illiac spine and then it goes to the medial tibia.
It is not named for its region or location
facial expression - attachments
Complex attachments to skin, fascia and sometimes bone.
Usually we have muscles that attach to bone.
Sometimes we have muscles in the face that attach from one bone to skin and fascia and that is what allows us to move the expression of the face.
Rarely it is bone to bone to change facial expressions.
facial expression compartment
this is the first compartment and this is meant to give an expression of the face.
Innervation is common among them all via cranial nerve 7, the facial nerve.
Epicranus is a spot where there is no muscle on the top of the head.
orbicularis oculi
Refers to the eye.
Orbicularis means the shape and oculi means eye
It is known as the winking and blinking muscle as it closes the eye.
It attaches around the eye orbit and the soft tissues and the fascia and skin around the eye and when it contracts it closes the eye
zygomaticus major + minor
The zygomaticus muscles although they have different size and are different they have the same function.
They are known as the smiling muscles that run from the zygomatic arch to the corner of the mouth.
orbicularis oris
It is known as the kissing muscle
It is surrounding the mouth
risorius
Attaches from the mandibular from the corner of the mouth it draws the cheeks inwards and is known as the whistling muscle.
Transverse muscle
depressor anguli oris
It depresses the muscle it brings the corner of the lips downwards.
Functionally it is a frowning muscle
Attaches to the mandible (check this)
Originates in the mandible and inserts into the angle of the mouth.
platysma
Attachments are bone and soft tissue around the corner of the mouth
It has broad attachments (so he said to focus on the function)
It is influenced by stroke, glands that influence the facial nerves.
Known as the shaving muscle and it tightens the skin onto the neck. (soft tissues of the anterior muscle).
Also attaches to the mandible. (check this)
Runs from the upper chest/shoulder area and through the neck to attach to the skin around the mouth and the mandible.
occipitofrontalis muscle
It is a muscle belly
It is a tendon in the middle that is called the galea aponeurosis
It is controlled by two bellies the frontal belly and the occipital belly
If you contract your head you can feel it when you move up your eyebrows.
It moves eyebrows up and down.
buccinator
it is not a part of the muscles of the facial
Attaches to the corner of the mouth.
It should be compartmentalised with the chewing muscles
It helps to keep food side to side between the molars
innervation is facial nerve (CN7)
the muscles that help you chew.
facial nerve IAM
Arises in brainstem
Enters the IAM (internal auditory meatus)
- This is off of the brain and into the internal acoutus meatus.
- This is in the temporal bone where we have this canal
- This canal moves through and exists out of the stylo-mastoid foramen.
- Innervates the facial muscles
facial nerve SM foramen
Exits the SM (stylomastoid) foramen
Stylomastoid foramen and this is between the styloid and mastoid process.
It passes through the parotid gland (facial nerve splits here)
facial nerve 5 main branches (CN7)
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical
Bell’s palsy
When damaged your face melts on that side it is called Bell’s Palsy.
facial nerve innervates many functiosn
Has branches that spread out and stretches to get across.
Depending on the swelling on the gland (parotid) it can impede transmission to certain muscles of the face and it can be temporary as the infection subsides
- It also can be only on one side and would be droopy and this is what causes it
- If the swelling is not quick and permanent damage is known as Bell’s Palsy as the face will melt to one side.
temporalis muscle
muscle of mastication (chewing)
- trigeminal nerve (CN5 - mandibular branch)
Origin off of the temporal bone and moves inferiorly underneath the zygomatic arch then attaches to the coronoid process of the mandible.
Has fascia on top of it and underneath is the muscle.
It closes the jaw and that is why it you do not feel it on your cheek bones.
You can feel it when you chew.
masseter
muscle of mastication (chewing)
- trigeminal nerve (CN5 - mandibular branch)
Named after the fact that it is a large muscle
Strongest muscle in the body
- It runs from the angle of the mandible to the zygomatic arch
- It has multiple attachments
Functionally is chewing and specifically they close the jaw along with the temporalis.
- Both are strong muscles.
- It is strong from position as it is located close to the joint (which one)
buccinator
muscle of mastication
- CN7 - facial nerve tho
Its functional role is chewing and it keeps food between the molars by moving the cheeks inwards.
pterygoid muscles
2 of them
Attach to the pterygoid plate of the sphenoid
Medial and lateral
They play different roles
medial pterygoid
Runs from pterygoid process (medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate) of the sphenoid and goes through the inside to go through the angle of the mandible
Follows similar direction as the masseter and assists the masseter in elevation of the jaw
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN5)
lateral pterygoid
Originates at the pterygoid process (greater wing of sphenoid, lateral plate of lateral pterygoid plate) and goes to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and attaches around the joint
While the medial helps raise the jaw, the lateral is more horizontal and helps the jaw move side to side
It’s function is to move the jaw side to side
This is important during chewing too
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN5)
CN 5 - trigeminal nerve branches
Branch 1 = Othalmic branch not to be discussed
Branch 2 Has a maxillary branch (CN V-II)
Branch 3 Mandibular branch (CN V-III) - chewing
This innervates all the muscles of chewing and is the sole representative.
muscles of tongue/ glossus
Used in speech and chewing but they are not prime movers of the jaw
They are intrinsic muscles.
They collectively assist in swallowing food down the pharynx.
Only one nerve innervates and it is the hypoglossal nerve CN12
Genioglossus, hyoglossus and Styloglossus
styloglossus
Styloid process to attach to the lateral surface of the tongue.
- hypoglossal neve CN12
Draws the tongue backwards retracting it.
genioglossus
Think of the chin
- hypoglossal neve CN12
Inner surface of the mandible to the tongue
When it contracts it draws the tongue forwards.
Can depress the centre of the tongue and protrude the tongue.
It is attaches to the body of hyoid bone.
hyoglossus
Hyoid bone to the tongue
- hypoglossal nerve CN12
When it contracts it depresses the side of the tongue downwards.
Basically downward movement of the tongue.
It originates on the greater horn of the hyoid bone and inserts on the lateral surface of the tongue.
palatoglossus
From the soft palate behind the hard palate on the roof of the mouth to the tongue.
This muscle raises the tongue at the same time that it depresses the soft palate
- Does this when we swallow
Innervation to this muscle is the vagus nerve and is a muscle for the gag reflex.
All muscles innervated by the vagus nerve are involved in the gag reflex.
- It is a reflex it is to reverse ingestion.
aponeurosis
btwn soft + hard palates
This muscle originates from here inferiorily and arches around to attach to the lateral surface of the tongue.
It depresses the palate and also elevates the back of the tongue.
extrinsic muscles of eye
Muscles that move the eye, the instrinc ones are involved in the sensory proportion.
6 muscles
Leavtor Palpebrae
It raises the eyelids
Oculomotor nerve cranial nerve 3
Common tendinous ring
It is a ring around the optic nerve where the muscles attach to move the eye.
All the muscles that move the eye the rectus muscles and the oblique muscles originate here.
It is a ring of fibrous material where the muscles have a direct
lateral rectus
Comes from the lateral side of the common tendinous ring and attaches to the anterolateral aspect of the sclera.
- It abducts the eyeball
Notice this muscle is innervated by the abducens nerve or cranial nerve 6.
- Abducens nerve gets its name from the fact that it abducts the eyeball.
If you shorten this muscle the eye will move laterally and this is called abduction.
abduction vs adduction
abduction - move away from midline/ body
adduction - move towards midline/ body
medial rectus
Goes to the medial side of the eye
- Medial part of the tendinous ring
- Only adducts the eyeball
Tendons ring
If you shorten the muscle the eye will adduction
Oculomotor nerve
inferior rectus
Inferior part of the eye
Oculomotor nerve
Shortens you look downwards
- Main function is depression
- Adduction and lateral rotation of the eye
Originates from the inferior part of the tendinous ring
superior rectus
Superior part of the eye
They do originate from the tendinous ring like the other rectus muscles.
This will raise the eye if it shortens
Innervated by the oculomotor nerve
Comes from the superior part tendinous ring to attach to the sclera.
Main function is elevation
- It also adduction and medial rotation of the eyeball
oblique muscles of eyes
Superior and inferior oblique muscles that rotate the eye
They do not originate from the common tendinous ring like the other muscles.
inferior oblique
Comes from the medial surface of the eye ring but it does not come from the tendinous ring (where all the rectus muscles come) when it contracts it causes the eye to rotate causing extortion.
Medial side of orbital floor and then inserts posterior to the lateral rectus muscle.
- It elevates abducts and laterally rotates the eyeball.
- Elevation
Innervated by the Oculomotor nerve.
superior oblique
Originates from the body of the sphenoid bone and its body passes through a fibrocartilaginous passageway known as the trochlea which is attached to the trochlea fovea of the frontal bone.
It then inserts into the posterior portion in the same plane as the superior rectus muscle.
Moves up to the medial surface of the eye and goes through the trochlea.
It takes an abrupt turn and causes the eye to rotate.
This rotation is called intorsion of the eye.
- It depresses abducts and medially rotates the eyeball.
This muscle is innervated by the trochlea nerve or CN 4.
abducens nerve CN VI
Lateral rectus is the only one it innervates
trochlear nerve
Superior oblique runs through and is only one innervated by this nerve
Oculomotor nerve
innvervates all extrinsic eye muscles, except lacteral rectus + superior oblique
extrinsic eye muscle nerves
3 nerves run through the superior orbital fissure.
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducens.
muscles of pharynx (throat)
Constrictor muscles or circular muscles
Superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor
- vagus nerve
These muscles close the throat and by constricting and closing in sequence they push food down
When they close they close the lumen and they are circular.
The food enters into the esophagus which is the tube that leads into the stomach and is the starting point of the digestive system
longitudinal muscles
Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Stylopharyngeus
–> comes from styloid process to the pharynx
Glossopharyneal innervates this
Palatopharyngeus
–> comes from soft palate
They assist but do not constrict
They can also lift the throat a little to assist in food being pushed down.
muscles of pharynx (throat)
Attachments to bone, cartilage and ligaments.
Close the nasal pharynx
- Connection between the nasal pharynx just below into the oral pharynx.
- This is why when you swallow your ears pop.
- This is done to distribute pressure in the ear.
A tube that runs from the inner ear to the nasal pharynx and this tube us called the eustachian tube.
External ear is opened up to the environment because we use pressure to make balance.
This all happens when we swallow.
anterior neck muscles
These muscles are all grouped in respect to the hyoid bone.
You cannot feel it as it is right behind the jaw.
Just down from the hyoid is the larynx.
The hyoid bone is affected by muscles below and above which are either suprahyoid or infra hyoid muscles
larynx
It is the adams apple also has another name
When you swallow it lifts up as it houses the vocal cords and is also the entrance into the respiratory passageway
You want it down into the esophagus and the epigolittis closes overtop of it of the larynx as it goes up.
Larynx attaches to the hyoid bone via connective tissue and wherever that bone goes the larynx will go with it.
When you want to move the larynx you want to move the hyoid bone.
It is protective cartilage for within it are the vocal cords.
Inferior to the vocal cords as we go down the trachea we have the thyroid gland surrounding it.
sternocleidomastoid muscle
Mastoid process down to the sternum and clavicle
Anything anterior to this is an anterior neck muscle.
suprahyoid muscles
These muscles raise the larynx.
In order to do this you have to close the mouth as many of these muscles attach to the mandible
If you relax jaw you raise the larynx or depress the mandible
If the jaw is closed and we are looking to raise the larynx or swallow we call upon them and they are named after their attachment :
- Geniohyoid
- Stylohyoid
- Mylohyoid
- Digastric
geniohyoid
Comes from the mandible to the hyoid bone and is near the chin.
stylohyoid
Comes from the styloid process to hyoid bone
Only muscle from the skull to the hyoid bone as all the other muscles are attached to the jaw.
mylohyoid
Comes mandible and attaches to the hyoid and pulls it up.
digrastic
Anterior and posterior belly
Anterior belly comes from the inner side of the chin or genio region and it loops through a little ring and continues on to the posterior belly where it eventually attaches to the mastoid process.
infrahyoid
They depress the hyoid by bringing it back to its position.
Depress larynx, when larynx needs to come back
- Omohyoid
- Sternohyoid and sternothryoid
- Thyrohyoid
omohyoid
Runs from the hyoid through a ring of the superior belly and then we have have an inferior belly that attaches to the superior border of the scapula.
Contraction of this muscle will pull down the hyoid.
sternohyoid + sternothyroid
Look like two muscles that were split and they are two muscles.
Sternohyoid is from sternum to hyoid bone and it pulls the hyoid downwards.
Sternothyroid runs from teh sternum to the thyroid cartilage and it brings the larynx down as well
thyrohyoid
From the thyrohoid cartilage to the hyoid
scalene
3 scalenes - posterior, middle, anterior
Attach form the ribs to the tranverse processes of the cervical vertebra.
These cause head flexion.
sternocleidomastoid
Acessory nerve - CN 11
This muscle flexes the neck, rotates the muscle to the opposite side.
Turning the head to the right you would contract the left sternoclediomastoid muscle and vice verse
- rotates head
posterior neck
Splenius capitis
Goes to the head
Spinous process only to the mastoid process of the skull.
And it causes extension of the head.
posterior neck
Splenius cervicis
Spinous to transverse to extend the head.
Thoracic and cervical
posterior neck
Goes to the cervical vertebrae
These two muscles extend the head and neck and are innervated by the cervical root.
They both come off the spinous process.
