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anatomy > 6a > Flashcards

6a Flashcards

1
Q

longus

A

longer of the two muscles

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2
Q

gratis

A

abbreviated, cut short of shortened, where we have longus we have b

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3
Q

e.g. rectus femorus - name

A

rectus means straight

femorus - in femoral region

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4
Q

e.g. perctoralis major - name

A

major means larger one in group of muscles

e.g vs pectoralis minor

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5
Q

e.g. orbicularis oris - name

A

muscle around mouht
orbicularis - shape (circle)
oris - mouth

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6
Q

e.g. sartorius - name

A

Attaches to anterior superior iliac spine and goes down to medial tibia

Cross the thigh

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7
Q

muscles of facial expression

A

innveration is CN7 (facial nerve)

muscles attach to bones in face, but also skin + fascia

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8
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

Muscle around the eye

Winking muscle, blinking muscle, closes the eye

Attaches to bone, soft tissue like fascia and skin

is a muscle of facial expression, CN7

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9
Q

zygomaticus major + minor

A

Smiling muscles, zygomatic arch (cheek bone) to the corner of the mouth

is a muscle of facial expression, CN7

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10
Q

orbicularis oris

A

Bone and soft tissues around the mouth

Kissing muscle, purges the lips out when it closes

is a muscle of facial expression, CN7

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11
Q

depressor anguli oris

A

Frowning muscle, corner of the mouth

is a muscle of facial expression, CN7

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12
Q

platysma

A

Tightens the skin on the neck (soft tissues), called shaving muscle

is a muscle of facial expression, CN7

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13
Q

Galea Aponeurosis

A

Central muscle

Frontalis (occipitofrontalis)

Occipitalis (occipitofrontalis)

is a muscle of facial expression, CN7

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14
Q

buccinator

A

NOT a muscle of facial expression but it does help you chew

facial nerve innervation CN7

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15
Q

facial nerve (CN7)

A

Arises in brainstem

  • enters the IAM (internal auditory meatus)
  • exits the SM foramen (styloid mastoid foramen)

When damaged, your face ‘melts’ on that side
- Bell’s Palsy

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16
Q

5 main branches of facial nerve

A
  • Temporal
  • Zygomatic
  • Buccal
  • Mandibular
  • Cervical
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17
Q

where does facial nerve split

A

parotid gland

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18
Q

muscles of mastication

A 
mastication - chewing
- temporalis
- buccinator
- masseter
- 2 pterygoid muscles
innervated by mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN8)
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19
Q

2 pterygoid muscles

A

2 pterygoid muscles arise from pterygoid plate of sphenoid

• medial pterygoid runs same direction as masseter and will assist in elevation

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20
Q

muscles of tongue (glossus)

A

Intrinsic muscles of tongue important to speech & chewing put not prime movers of the jaw.

Involved with swallowing, moving food, speaking Cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal) 
- genioglossus
- styloglossus 
- hyoglossus
EXCEPT! palatoglossus = vagus nerve
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21
Q

muscles of pharynx (throat)

A

Pharyngeal Constrictors and assisting muscles

TWO LAYERS
(Inner) longitudinal muscles
(outer) circular layer

• Attachments to bone, cartilage and ligaments
• close the nasopharynx
• act as constrictors of the pharynx during swallowing
• innervated by Vagus nerve (CN X)
EXCEPT! Stylopharyngeus - glossopharyngeal

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22
Q

suprahyoid

A

most attached to the hyoid; raise larynx or depress mandible (open mouth)

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23
Q

infrahyoid

A

depresses the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speaking

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24
Q

Sternocleidomastoid and Lateral Musculature

Posterior

A
  • Cervical roots

* Extension of the head and neck

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25
Q

Sternocleidomastoid and Lateral Musculature

Anterior

A
  • two distal attachments
  • cranial nerve IX (accessory) and cervical roots
  • flexes neck, rotates head to opposite side
  • landmark for structures in the neck
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26
Q

muscles

A

Muscles extend joints

Muscles in a compartment originate from the same developmental origin and sometimes even the same innervation.

The femoral nerve innervates all the muscles of the thigh. (completely random such this up later).

Flexor digitorum muscles in the fingers and thumb.

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27
Q

muscle architecture

Many of muscles are named after the function and there are different ways to name them.

A

Some muscles have multiple names

Extensor digitorum muscles extend the digits in either the hand or the feet.

Longus means the longer of the two muscles and we have a brevis for a smaller type muscles .

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28
Q

muscle architecture

Sometimes they are named after origin like the biceps.

A

The biceps is two heads as the number of origins.

Bicep brachii (brachium is the arm region) it could be looked at as an attachment or location.

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29
Q

muscle architecture

Styloglossus runs from the styloid process of the temporal bone to the tongue

A

This is a muscle named after its attachments

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30
Q

muscle architecture

rectus

A

Rectus means straight

rectus femoris is a straight muscle in the quadricep region.

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31
Q

muscle architecture

pectoralis

A

Pectoralis major is in the pectoral or chest region and major means larger of a group of muscles

There are two nerves that innervate that compartment.

We also have a pectoralis minor.

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32
Q

muscle architecture

orbicularis oris

A

Orbicularis oris is a muscle around the mouth and orbicularis means the shape and oris is reference to mouth

This is both location and origin.

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33
Q

muscle architecture

some muscles have strange names that do not meet in size location or function

A

The sartorius is Greek for tailor and this muscle crosses the thigh.

It attaches to the anterior superior illiac spine and then it goes to the medial tibia.

It is not named for its region or location

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34
Q

facial expression - attachments

A

Complex attachments to skin, fascia and sometimes bone.

Usually we have muscles that attach to bone.

Sometimes we have muscles in the face that attach from one bone to skin and fascia and that is what allows us to move the expression of the face.

Rarely it is bone to bone to change facial expressions.

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35
Q

facial expression compartment

A

this is the first compartment and this is meant to give an expression of the face.

Innervation is common among them all via cranial nerve 7, the facial nerve.

Epicranus is a spot where there is no muscle on the top of the head.

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36
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

Refers to the eye.

Orbicularis means the shape and oculi means eye

It is known as the winking and blinking muscle as it closes the eye.

It attaches around the eye orbit and the soft tissues and the fascia and skin around the eye and when it contracts it closes the eye

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37
Q

zygomaticus major + minor

A

The zygomaticus muscles although they have different size and are different they have the same function.

They are known as the smiling muscles that run from the zygomatic arch to the corner of the mouth.

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38
Q

orbicularis oris

A

It is known as the kissing muscle

It is surrounding the mouth

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39
Q

risorius

A

Attaches from the mandibular from the corner of the mouth it draws the cheeks inwards and is known as the whistling muscle.

Transverse muscle

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40
Q

depressor anguli oris

A

It depresses the muscle it brings the corner of the lips downwards.

Functionally it is a frowning muscle

Attaches to the mandible (check this)

Originates in the mandible and inserts into the angle of the mouth.

41
Q

platysma

A

Attachments are bone and soft tissue around the corner of the mouth

It has broad attachments (so he said to focus on the function)

It is influenced by stroke, glands that influence the facial nerves.

Known as the shaving muscle and it tightens the skin onto the neck. (soft tissues of the anterior muscle).

Also attaches to the mandible. (check this)

Runs from the upper chest/shoulder area and through the neck to attach to the skin around the mouth and the mandible.

42
Q

occipitofrontalis muscle

A

It is a muscle belly

It is a tendon in the middle that is called the galea aponeurosis

It is controlled by two bellies the frontal belly and the occipital belly

If you contract your head you can feel it when you move up your eyebrows.

It moves eyebrows up and down.

43
Q

buccinator

A

it is not a part of the muscles of the facial

Attaches to the corner of the mouth.

It should be compartmentalised with the chewing muscles

It helps to keep food side to side between the molars

innervation is facial nerve (CN7)
the muscles that help you chew.

44
Q

facial nerve IAM

A

Arises in brainstem

Enters the IAM (internal auditory meatus)
- This is off of the brain and into the internal acoutus meatus.

  • This is in the temporal bone where we have this canal
  • This canal moves through and exists out of the stylo-mastoid foramen.
  • Innervates the facial muscles
45
Q

facial nerve SM foramen

A

Exits the SM (stylomastoid) foramen

Stylomastoid foramen and this is between the styloid and mastoid process.

It passes through the parotid gland (facial nerve splits here)

46
Q

facial nerve 5 main branches (CN7)

A 
Temporal  
Zygomatic  
Buccal  
Mandibular  
Cervical
47
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

When damaged your face melts on that side it is called Bell’s Palsy.

48
Q

facial nerve innervates many functiosn

A

Has branches that spread out and stretches to get across.

Depending on the swelling on the gland (parotid) it can impede transmission to certain muscles of the face and it can be temporary as the infection subsides

  • It also can be only on one side and would be droopy and this is what causes it
  • If the swelling is not quick and permanent damage is known as Bell’s Palsy as the face will melt to one side.
49
Q

temporalis muscle

A

muscle of mastication (chewing)
- trigeminal nerve (CN5 - mandibular branch)

Origin off of the temporal bone and moves inferiorly underneath the zygomatic arch then attaches to the coronoid process of the mandible.

Has fascia on top of it and underneath is the muscle.

It closes the jaw and that is why it you do not feel it on your cheek bones.

You can feel it when you chew.

50
Q

masseter

A

muscle of mastication (chewing)
- trigeminal nerve (CN5 - mandibular branch)

Named after the fact that it is a large muscle

Strongest muscle in the body

  • It runs from the angle of the mandible to the zygomatic arch
  • It has multiple attachments

Functionally is chewing and specifically they close the jaw along with the temporalis.

  • Both are strong muscles.
  • It is strong from position as it is located close to the joint (which one)
51
Q

buccinator

A

muscle of mastication
- CN7 - facial nerve tho

Its functional role is chewing and it keeps food between the molars by moving the cheeks inwards.

52
Q

pterygoid muscles

A

2 of them

Attach to the pterygoid plate of the sphenoid

Medial and lateral

They play different roles

53
Q

medial pterygoid

A

Runs from pterygoid process (medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate) of the sphenoid and goes through the inside to go through the angle of the mandible

Follows similar direction as the masseter and assists the masseter in elevation of the jaw

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN5)

54
Q

lateral pterygoid

A

Originates at the pterygoid process (greater wing of sphenoid, lateral plate of lateral pterygoid plate) and goes to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and attaches around the joint

While the medial helps raise the jaw, the lateral is more horizontal and helps the jaw move side to side

It’s function is to move the jaw side to side

This is important during chewing too

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN5)

55
Q

CN 5 - trigeminal nerve branches

A

Branch 1 = Othalmic branch not to be discussed

Branch 2 Has a maxillary branch (CN V-II)

Branch 3 Mandibular branch (CN V-III) - chewing

This innervates all the muscles of chewing and is the sole representative.

56
Q

muscles of tongue/ glossus

A

Used in speech and chewing but they are not prime movers of the jaw

They are intrinsic muscles.

They collectively assist in swallowing food down the pharynx.

Only one nerve innervates and it is the hypoglossal nerve CN12

Genioglossus, hyoglossus and Styloglossus

57
Q

styloglossus

A

Styloid process to attach to the lateral surface of the tongue.
- hypoglossal neve CN12

Draws the tongue backwards retracting it.

58
Q

genioglossus

A

Think of the chin
- hypoglossal neve CN12

Inner surface of the mandible to the tongue

When it contracts it draws the tongue forwards.

Can depress the centre of the tongue and protrude the tongue.

It is attaches to the body of hyoid bone.

59
Q

hyoglossus

A

Hyoid bone to the tongue
- hypoglossal nerve CN12

When it contracts it depresses the side of the tongue downwards.

Basically downward movement of the tongue.

It originates on the greater horn of the hyoid bone and inserts on the lateral surface of the tongue.

60
Q

palatoglossus

A

From the soft palate behind the hard palate on the roof of the mouth to the tongue.

This muscle raises the tongue at the same time that it depresses the soft palate
- Does this when we swallow

Innervation to this muscle is the vagus nerve and is a muscle for the gag reflex.

All muscles innervated by the vagus nerve are involved in the gag reflex.
- It is a reflex it is to reverse ingestion.

61
Q

aponeurosis

A

btwn soft + hard palates

This muscle originates from here inferiorily and arches around to attach to the lateral surface of the tongue.

It depresses the palate and also elevates the back of the tongue.

62
Q

extrinsic muscles of eye

A

Muscles that move the eye, the instrinc ones are involved in the sensory proportion.

6 muscles

63
Q

Leavtor Palpebrae

A

It raises the eyelids

Oculomotor nerve cranial nerve 3

64
Q

Common tendinous ring

A

It is a ring around the optic nerve where the muscles attach to move the eye.

All the muscles that move the eye the rectus muscles and the oblique muscles originate here.

It is a ring of fibrous material where the muscles have a direct

65
Q

lateral rectus

A

Comes from the lateral side of the common tendinous ring and attaches to the anterolateral aspect of the sclera.
- It abducts the eyeball

Notice this muscle is innervated by the abducens nerve or cranial nerve 6.
- Abducens nerve gets its name from the fact that it abducts the eyeball.

If you shorten this muscle the eye will move laterally and this is called abduction.

66
Q

abduction vs adduction

A

abduction - move away from midline/ body

adduction - move towards midline/ body

67
Q

medial rectus

A

Goes to the medial side of the eye

  • Medial part of the tendinous ring
  • Only adducts the eyeball

Tendons ring

If you shorten the muscle the eye will adduction

Oculomotor nerve

68
Q

inferior rectus

A

Inferior part of the eye

Oculomotor nerve

Shortens you look downwards

  • Main function is depression
  • Adduction and lateral rotation of the eye

Originates from the inferior part of the tendinous ring

69
Q

superior rectus

A

Superior part of the eye

They do originate from the tendinous ring like the other rectus muscles.

This will raise the eye if it shortens

Innervated by the oculomotor nerve

Comes from the superior part tendinous ring to attach to the sclera.

Main function is elevation
- It also adduction and medial rotation of the eyeball

70
Q

oblique muscles of eyes

A

Superior and inferior oblique muscles that rotate the eye

They do not originate from the common tendinous ring like the other muscles.

71
Q

inferior oblique

A

Comes from the medial surface of the eye ring but it does not come from the tendinous ring (where all the rectus muscles come) when it contracts it causes the eye to rotate causing extortion.

Medial side of orbital floor and then inserts posterior to the lateral rectus muscle.

  • It elevates abducts and laterally rotates the eyeball.
  • Elevation

Innervated by the Oculomotor nerve.

72
Q

superior oblique

A

Originates from the body of the sphenoid bone and its body passes through a fibrocartilaginous passageway known as the trochlea which is attached to the trochlea fovea of the frontal bone.

It then inserts into the posterior portion in the same plane as the superior rectus muscle.

Moves up to the medial surface of the eye and goes through the trochlea.

It takes an abrupt turn and causes the eye to rotate.

This rotation is called intorsion of the eye.
- It depresses abducts and medially rotates the eyeball.

This muscle is innervated by the trochlea nerve or CN 4.

73
Q

abducens nerve CN VI

A

Lateral rectus is the only one it innervates

74
Q

trochlear nerve

A

Superior oblique runs through and is only one innervated by this nerve

75
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A

innvervates all extrinsic eye muscles, except lacteral rectus + superior oblique

76
Q

extrinsic eye muscle nerves

A

3 nerves run through the superior orbital fissure.

Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducens.

77
Q

muscles of pharynx (throat)

Constrictor muscles or circular muscles

A

Superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor
- vagus nerve

These muscles close the throat and by constricting and closing in sequence they push food down

When they close they close the lumen and they are circular.

The food enters into the esophagus which is the tube that leads into the stomach and is the starting point of the digestive system

78
Q

longitudinal muscles

A

Stylopharyngeus

Palatopharyngeus

79
Q

Stylopharyngeus

A

–> comes from styloid process to the pharynx

Glossopharyneal innervates this

80
Q

Palatopharyngeus

A

–> comes from soft palate

They assist but do not constrict

They can also lift the throat a little to assist in food being pushed down.

81
Q

muscles of pharynx (throat)

A

Attachments to bone, cartilage and ligaments.

Close the nasal pharynx

  • Connection between the nasal pharynx just below into the oral pharynx.
  • This is why when you swallow your ears pop.
  • This is done to distribute pressure in the ear.

A tube that runs from the inner ear to the nasal pharynx and this tube us called the eustachian tube.

External ear is opened up to the environment because we use pressure to make balance.

This all happens when we swallow.

82
Q

anterior neck muscles

A

These muscles are all grouped in respect to the hyoid bone.

You cannot feel it as it is right behind the jaw.

Just down from the hyoid is the larynx.

The hyoid bone is affected by muscles below and above which are either suprahyoid or infra hyoid muscles

83
Q

larynx

A

It is the adams apple also has another name

When you swallow it lifts up as it houses the vocal cords and is also the entrance into the respiratory passageway

You want it down into the esophagus and the epigolittis closes overtop of it of the larynx as it goes up.

Larynx attaches to the hyoid bone via connective tissue and wherever that bone goes the larynx will go with it.

When you want to move the larynx you want to move the hyoid bone.

It is protective cartilage for within it are the vocal cords.

Inferior to the vocal cords as we go down the trachea we have the thyroid gland surrounding it.

84
Q

sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

Mastoid process down to the sternum and clavicle

Anything anterior to this is an anterior neck muscle.

85
Q

suprahyoid muscles

A

These muscles raise the larynx.

In order to do this you have to close the mouth as many of these muscles attach to the mandible

If you relax jaw you raise the larynx or depress the mandible

If the jaw is closed and we are looking to raise the larynx or swallow we call upon them and they are named after their attachment :

  • Geniohyoid
  • Stylohyoid
  • Mylohyoid
  • Digastric
86
Q

geniohyoid

A

Comes from the mandible to the hyoid bone and is near the chin.

87
Q

stylohyoid

A

Comes from the styloid process to hyoid bone

Only muscle from the skull to the hyoid bone as all the other muscles are attached to the jaw.

88
Q

mylohyoid

A

Comes mandible and attaches to the hyoid and pulls it up.

89
Q

digrastic

A

Anterior and posterior belly

Anterior belly comes from the inner side of the chin or genio region and it loops through a little ring and continues on to the posterior belly where it eventually attaches to the mastoid process.

90
Q

infrahyoid

A

They depress the hyoid by bringing it back to its position.

Depress larynx, when larynx needs to come back

  • Omohyoid
  • Sternohyoid and sternothryoid
  • Thyrohyoid
91
Q

omohyoid

A

Runs from the hyoid through a ring of the superior belly and then we have have an inferior belly that attaches to the superior border of the scapula.

Contraction of this muscle will pull down the hyoid.

92
Q

sternohyoid + sternothyroid

A

Look like two muscles that were split and they are two muscles.

Sternohyoid is from sternum to hyoid bone and it pulls the hyoid downwards.

Sternothyroid runs from teh sternum to the thyroid cartilage and it brings the larynx down as well

93
Q

thyrohyoid

A

From the thyrohoid cartilage to the hyoid

94
Q

scalene

A

3 scalenes - posterior, middle, anterior

Attach form the ribs to the tranverse processes of the cervical vertebra.

These cause head flexion.

95
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

Acessory nerve - CN 11

This muscle flexes the neck, rotates the muscle to the opposite side.

Turning the head to the right you would contract the left sternoclediomastoid muscle and vice verse
- rotates head

96
Q

posterior neck

Splenius capitis

A

Goes to the head

Spinous process only to the mastoid process of the skull.

And it causes extension of the head.

97
Q

posterior neck

Splenius cervicis

A

Spinous to transverse to extend the head.

Thoracic and cervical

98
Q

posterior neck

Goes to the cervical vertebrae

A

These two muscles extend the head and neck and are innervated by the cervical root.

They both come off the spinous process.

anatomy (9 decks)

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