Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

anatomy > 6c > Flashcards

6c Flashcards

1
Q

subunits of brachial plexus

A

Roots -> Trunks -> Divisions -> Cords -> Branches

Risk Takers Don’t Cautiously Behave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

brachial plexus

A

Not the only plexus in the body have a cervical, lumbar and saccral ones

They give rise to nerves that innervate certain muscles.

This is how the nerves arise of the spinal cord in bundles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why have a brachial plexus

Why have plexus, why not have nerves straight of the spinal cord?

A

The reason is of the redundancy to the type of innervation

If there is damage to the plexus

We have multiple levels of input for a certain movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

brachial plexus - M

A

Musculocutaneous Nerve
Medial Nerve
Ulnar Nerve

KNOW DIAGRAM - GO DO THAT NOW + CHECK NOTES TO SEE WHAT THEY ALL DO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

radial nerve

A

is posterior and not a part of the M, goes to posterior arm and posterior forearm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

subclavian artery + vein

A

In between radial nerve and the Median and Ulnar Nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

median nerve

A

Anterior forearm from the spinal cord

It has multiple roots down to the spinal cord.

It thereby also has lots of innervation and it can go from C5 and C8

In between those two is partial innervation ( C5 and C8)

Multiple levels provide movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

muscles of pectoral girdle

A

Anterior and posterior muscles
- Same region we have muscles that move the humerus as well.

Humerus

  • Axial muscles move the humerus
  • Muscles also orginate both anteriorily and posteriorily off the scapula
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

muscles that move shoulder

A

trapezius
rhomboids
levator scapulae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

trapezius

A

Large muscle group labelled number 1 is a triangular shaped muscle.

Functional sense it has multiple functions with opposite functions

It can extend and flex depending on which fibers are contracted

And since the muscle is so large you can select the fibres that can do specific functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

trapezius - contractions

A

When you contract the muscle it is not an all out contraction it is not maximal

It is delicate and not all the muscle groups are affected at once.

It is possible to maximally contract just not realistic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

trapezius - fibers

A

There are fibers in this muscle that run in different directions.

Inferior medially
Horizontal
Oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

trapezius - attachments

A

All along the spinous processes.

Superior spinous ligament

In this region of the back where the trapezius goes down the spinuous process as many muscles attach to the superior spinous ligament or ligamentum nuchae.
- - >The trapezius orginates here.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

trapezius - relation to scapula`

A

It attaches to the spine of the scapula

Abduction - scapula moves laterally
Adduction - scapula moves inwards

Scapula can downwardly rotate where the glenoid fossa moves down or upwardly rotate where the glenoid fossa moves up.

Superior fibres cause upwards rotation of the scapula

When the inferior fibres contract the press down and upwards rotate the scapula

Middle fibers are horizontal so it causes abduction of the scapula and innervation is via the accessory nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

rhomboids

A

Major and minor and functionally they do the same thing

Innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve

These elevate, adduct and downwardly rotate the scapula.

There are two muscles here collectively move the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

levator scapulae

A

Elevates and downwards rotation of the scapula

Dorsal scapula nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

subclavius

A

Only muscle that attaches to the clavicle and attaches from the first rib to the underside of the clavicle.

Contract this muscle when we breathe or move our shoulder.

Innervation is via the subclavian nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

pectoralis minor

A

Attaches from ribs 3 to 5 and attaches to the coracoid process on the scapula which is its insertion point.

It does two things:

  • Breathing as it attaches to the ribs, lifts up the ribs
  • It causes abduction of the scapula by contraction pulling it away from the midline.

Innervation through the muscle is via the pectoral nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

serratus anterior

A

originates at the ribs
- From the ribs it goes along the ribs around to the back and goes underneath the scapula and attaches to the medial border.

Innervation is in the long thoracic nerve.

It assists in breathing

This muscle is used to ensure the scapula stays flat against the back of the rib cage.
- No matter where we position our arm it stays in its position and moves slightly when it is rotating.

If you generate a lot of force the scapula would move laterally and the glenoid fossa would come anterior
- If the force was strong enough it would go to the clavicle and this is why we do not have this why the serratus anterior muscle.

If you ask people to push against a wall when they have a damage to the long thoracic nerve they get winging scapulae they would likely break their clavicle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

coracobrachialis

A

Anterior compartment of the arm and it is a deep muscle

It is not part of this muscle compartment with the subclavius, pectoralis minor and serratus anterior but is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pectoralis major muscle

A

Shoulder girdle majority comes off the sternum and the medial third of the clavicle

It attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus.

It is a large muscle with multiple functions

When contracted you can have adduction of the humerus, flexion of the shoulder or bringing the humerus forwards and medial rotation.

Innervation by the pectoral nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

latissmuss dorsi muscle

A

Comes off the axial skeleton at the thoracolumbar fascia.

It runs underneath the armpit and attaches to the intertubercular cursis or the biccipital groove just medial to the attachment of the pectoralis major

It adducts the humerus and medially rotates the humerus as well.

It goes underneath the arm to medially rotate to attach to the anterior side of the proximal humerus.

It also causes extension of the shoulder since it arises from the back.

Innervation is from the thoracodorsal nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

deltoid

A

Moves the humerus and it can be either an anterior or posterior muscle

It has multiple fibre groups.

Deltoid starts by attaching to the lateral process of the clavicle along the acromion process and down the spine of the scapula.

Axillary nerve innervates this whole muscle.

On the humerus it attaches to the deltoid tuberosity just down from the shaft.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

deltoid - groups of fibres

A

Anterior

  • Attach to the clavicle
  • Contract these you have flexion and medial rotation.

Middle

  • Acromion process
  • Contraction abduction lift up the humerus

Posterior

  • Spine of the scapula.
  • Fibres from here extension and lateral rotation of the shoulder joint.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
muscles that move humerus
Four muscles Originate off the scapula These muscles are known as rotator cuff muscles - The corocohumeral ligament is the only one that supports the joint along with these muscles 1) supraspinatus muscle - attaches just above the spine of the scapula or the supraspinous fossa 2) Infraspinatus is below the spine in the fossa. 3) Teres minor - Lateral border 4) subscapularis muscle - subscapular fossa All these muscles attach either to the greater or lesser tubercle they cuff around the shoulder joint and they rotate the shoulder joint
26
ROTATOR CUFF
look at rotator cuff vid + learn it that way
27
Teres major
The teres major is not a rotator cuff muscle. It attaches to the proximal shaft of the humerus. It abducts.
28
rotator cuff - relation to greater tubercle
The greater tubercle is where the supraspinatus attaches The infraspinatus cuffs and attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus The teres minor also attaches to the greater tubercle.
29
arm
The arm runs from the shoulder to the elbow and is also called the brachium In the arm there are two compartments and are separated by fascia. - Much thicker fascia bundle the muscles - ---> Anterior - ----> Posterior
30
anterior + posterior arm
There are individual muscles in the anterior and posterior compartments separated by fascia There is a series of vessels and nerves in these compartments. They are grouped together and they run and feed these muscles in this compartment the blood and innervation that they need. Anterior - The functions are flexion of the shoulder and flexion of the elbow Posterior - Functions are extensions and hyperextension of the elbow.
31
anterior brachium
Powerful flexors of the elbow. Has one muscle that supinates the forearm in the anterior arm. Muscles that cross joints can influence them specifically the shoulder joint and the elbow joint. It is the biceps muscle and is superficial and its name stems that it has two heads a short and long head.
32
anterior brachium - long + short head
Short head - Attaches to the corocoid process. Long head - Lateral to the short head attaches to the supraglenoid tubercle. Both heads cross the shoulder joint and influence it. This muscle will cause flexion of the shoulder (both heads) The long head has a long tendon - It runs through the bicipital groove or the intertubercular groove.
33
long head + short head - coming together anterior brachium
the two come together to form one muscle belly that runs distally to form the elbow joint. This bicep muscle attaches to the radial or bicipital tuberosity. - It is located on the radial bone. Aponeurosis - It is a sheath tendon and is wide sheet. - The bicipital aponeurosis breeds off of the solid tendon - It covers the muscles of the forearm, the heads where they attach to the funny bone or medial epicondyle.
34
anterior brachium - biceps
The bicep muscle functionally flexs the shoulder and elbow and it supinates the forearm. - The muscle pop ups. - If you pronate your hand and hammer curl it you relax your biceps You do not use your biceps you are affecting a deeper muscle known as the brachalis the more powerful muscle in comparison to the biceps. Musculocutaneous nerve
35
coracobrachialis -= note
Corocobrachalis is not part of the shoulder girdle. It runs from corocoid to the humerus. Remember it should be included in the arm. Also innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve because it is a muscle in this compartment.
36
coracobrachialis
Attaches to the corocoid process to the shaft of the humerus Does not influence the elbow joint but it does for the shoulder joint. Anterior compartment of the arm.
37
brachialis
strongest flexor of elbow Inserts onto the ulnar tuberosity from the brachium It is important as it flexes the elbow whether your arm is in the pronation and supination because it is attached to the ulna that does not move. Strong and wider attachment and it is wider and is dedicated only to the elbow and not the shoulder. If someone cant flex their elbow ask them to pronate the hand - This tells you the injury is as far as the brachalis - If supinated it could be the biceps muscle. Musculocutaneous nerve
38
posterior brachium
back half of upper arm - triceps all radial nerve extends elbow common insertion on olecranon Triceps - It means 3 heads Long head - Attaches to the infraglenoid tubercle. Medial head - Don't cross the shoulder joint and is in reference to where it attaches to the humerus. Lateral head - Don't cross the shoulder joint and it is in reference to where it attaches to the humerus. These 3 heads one of them attaches to the scapula and only one crosses the shoulder joint
39
forearm
antebrachium
40
forearm (antebrachium) compartments
Two compartments in the forearm - Oblique separation between posterior and anterior Anterior compartment - They flex the wrist - They cross the elbow and will influence that joint and it is often called the flexor region and they flex your fingers as well including the thumb Posterior - Extensors and they cause extension of the wrist and the elbow.
41
Abduction and adduction of the wrist
Anterior forearm and posterior muscles both do it (so but still check) Abduction is the same as radial deviation Ulna deviation or adduction means bringing towards the midline.
42
pronator teres
(anterior) - It pronates Flexion usually means anterior and posterior usually means extension This muscle in order to allow this movement it takes the radius and puts on top of the ulna - It thereby must attach to the radius. Proximally it has a shared attachment and all these muscles in the superficial forearm attach to the medial epicondyle. It goes from the medial epicondyle to the proximal radius. It flexes the elbow this is the primary function.
43
flexor carpi radialis
It extends down to the carpals to attach to them It specifically attaches to the metacarpals and carps and does not attach to the fingers It flexes the carpals which means it flexes the wrist. Causes abduction of the wrist. Radialis refers to the side - It runs from the medial epicondyle to the radial side of the forearm. - It attaches to metacarpal two and 3 specifically.
44
palmaris longus
Muscle that stems off the medial epicondyle and attaches to the palmar fascia which is on the palm. Not everyone has this muscle From evolution we are losing it over time and is a very weak flexor of the wrist.
45
flexor carpi ulnaris
It causes adduction of the wrist beginng to the midline It originates or stems off at the medial epicondyle and runs down the ulna side all the way to the carpals And it attaches ot the metacarpals specifically the fifth one and also the hamate. The tendon that embedds the pisiform and this is incorporated here before it attaches to the fifth metacarpal. The flexor carpi ulnaris is innervated by the ulna nerve the rest of the muscles are innervated by the median nerve.
46
muscles that flex digits
Other muscle is on top of the other, the first one is the superficialis. The other is the flexor digitorum profundus. - found in the deeper layer
47
flexor digitorum superficilias
Innervated by the median nerve Attaches to the medial epicondyle, ulna and radius along with the proximal phalanx. Flexes the digits Has multiple attachments from digits 2 to 5 Attaches proximally to the medial epicondyle, ulna and radius. This muscle attaches to the digits so it has to get to them but does not make it all the way down to the tips of the fingers it has an odd split at the proximal phalanx and is bifurcated. It attaches to the base of the proximal phalanx. It will not flex the tips of the fingers as it does not reach that far.
48
muscles in deep layer of forearm
Attach to only the ulna and radius Profundus muscle keeps going and attaches to the base of the distal phalanx as it runs underneath.
49
muscles in mid layer of forearm
Attaches to most of the muscles in the forearm and the distal attachment is how you identify them
50
flexor pollicis longus
Deep layer They have a common proximal attachment but the distal one tells you how the muscles will function. Common attachments are the radius and ulna - It attaches mostly to the radius It attaches to the distal phalanx of the thumb to flex it. It flexes the thumb The shorter one is called the FIexor pollicis brevis.
51
pollicis
thumb
52
pronator quadratus
It pronates and it puts the radius on top of the ulna It therefore must attach to the radius that rectangular white thing
53
distal forearm
Ulna does not move and distally it attaches from the ulna to the radius and it is a square shaped muscle with four sides to it.
54
flexor digitorum profundis
Deep muscle Common attachment is the radius and the ulna and this is a distal attachment It carries down the forearm, wrist, metacarpals and all the way down to the base of the distal phalanx past the superficialis.
55
anterior forearm innervation
re innervated by the median nerve Except the supinator or the extensor carpi radialis longus. Median nerve innervates jmost of the superficial nerves as well. The ulna nerve innervates a portion of the flexor digitorum profundus and the other half is the median nerve. The ulna nerve also the flexor carpi ulnaris. The ulnar nerves innervates the muscle that extends to the tendon of digit 5 and half of digit 4.
56
posterior forearm - origin
common origin Lateral epicondyle Known as the superficial muscles
57
extensor digitorum
Extends the digits Only have one of them per arm The back of the hand the tendons go to distal phalanx on the posterior side and those are the tendons of the extensor digitorum
58
extensor radialis longus + brevis
Similar function to extend the wrist and are both on the radial side. Longus - Goes from the lateral epicondyle to the second metacarpal and importantly it does not extend as far as the digits. - Meaning it only extends the wrist. Brevis - The shorter one goes from the lateral epicondyle to metacarpal 3.
59
extensor digiti minimi
Extends the small finger or the pinkie Proximally attaches to the lateral epicondyle down posterior compartment but it does not attach to a bone but to the tendon of the extensor digitorum of the digit 5. Small and is only in the pinkie.
60
extensor carpi ulnaris
It is on the ulna side and medial on the posterior side form the lateral epicondyle to the fifth metacarpal.
61
abductos pollicis longus
Common origin of these muscles is the radius and the ulna goes to the first metacarpal. Radial nerve It abducts the thumb Extends the thumb and also abducts it as well. You move the fingers away in a parallel function meaning you are extending the thumb but abducting the thumb is where you make an L away from the palm of the hand.
62
extensor pollicis longus + brevis
Extend the thumb Radial nerve Radius and ulna origin Longus - Goes to distal phalanx. Brevis - Goes to the proximal phalanx of the thumb.
63
extensor indicis
Does not go to thumb but attaches to the index finger. Attaches to the distal phalanx. Radius and ulna origin Radial nerve
64
supinator
It is an extensor muscle but is in the superficial region. It attaches to the lateral epicondyle. And it supinates when you move the radius and it attaches to the proximal radius Radial nerve If you here extensor in the upper limb you are thinking radial nerve.
65
anatomical snuff box
triangular deepening on radial, dorsal aspect of hand - when u raise thumb surrounded by: extensor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis abductor pollicis longus + radial artery is near it
66
radial artery - snuff box
A pocket extends when you use the muscles of the posterior section Extensor pollicis longus and brevis and the abductor pollicis longus These all tighten and then it creates a little pocket where you can listen to a pulse These muscles are on the surface when you abduct the thumb and the abductor pollicis longus is the only one that will move Then the only tendon you can feel is the abductor pollicis longus as all the other ones are already extended.
67
adduction + abduction - fingers eg
adduction -bring closer together abduction - move farther apart e.g. move fingers closed - adduction move fingers apart - abduction
68
in hand nerves
median and ulnar nerves only
69
wrist region nerves
Median nerve is located (passes through the cubital fossa) which is medial to the brachialis tendon and passes through the two heads of the pronator teres. The ulna nerve is embedded in the fat above the same ligament. This is anterior. Radial nerve is posterior and this is within the fat just underneath the skin
70
flexor recnaculum
Runs across the top and is like a ceiling and between it and the carpal bones is called the carpal tunnel. When you move the tendons back and forth rapidly like playing a guitar or piano you cause friction and there is swelling but in this area you do not want swelling to occur as it pinches the median nerve. Therefore you get carpal tunnel syndrome. It does not influence the ulna nerve because they are in fat and have a lot room. It occurs in pain muscles innervation by median nerve and thats how you see if they have carpal tunnel syndrome.
71
wrist drop
problem with radial nerve because they are unable to extend the wrist
72
claw hand
Injury with the ulna nerve and people tend to rely on the index or their thumb. The individuals are not able to use their pinkie finger.
73
thenar group muscles
Short flexors Abductor pollicis Brevis is a small muscle in the hand Opponens All innervated by the median nerve.
74
hypothenar group muscles
Influence group and digit 5 there are many brevis muscles They are all innervated by the ulna nerve.
75
lumbricals
Has no body attachments Attaches from the flexor digitorum profundus and wraps around the finger to attach to extensor digitorum longus tendon. Its function is flexion of the phalanges From carpals to the phalanges at the joint Basically perpendicular at the knuckles its from tendon to tendon.
76
palmar interossei adduct (PAD)
Look for interossei from the metacarpals to the base of the proximal phalanges. The palmar one's are the one's you see from the palm view. These muscles adduct the digits and bring the digits close together and bring the thumb towards the midline digits 2 to 5 to come closer to the middle finger.
77
dorsal interossei abduct
Dorsum of the back of the hand theses are the dabs muscles. They abduct take the digits to 2,4 ad 5 away from the middle finger.
78
Why do so many muscles working the digits arise in the forearm not in the hand?
It is matter of strength Maximal strength so you call upon the superficialis and longus to open the jar every time. Intrinsic muscles are for many intrinsic muscles.
79
axilliary nerve
Innervates the teres minor and the deltoid muscles Branches off the radial nerve
80
brachial plexus - looking for the M
(3 nerves) Musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve and the ulna nerve - You can see the m and then you know the 3 nerves there and what they are Musculocutaneous - Muscles of anterior arm Median and ulnar - Anterior forearm and flexor region

anatomy (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions