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anatomy > ch 1 + 2 > Flashcards

ch 1 + 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Henry Gray

A

made book greys anatomy

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2
Q

regional anatomy

A

you can go into a particular region and study all of the structures and its common when we do dissection anatomy

Have everything, all the systems in that region

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3
Q

systemic anatomy

A

you dont need to dissect but you study the system one at a time (11 systems), such as muscular system or cardiovascular system.

  • Vessels are named after the regions they are located in. Pulse is taken from the femoral artery which is in the femoral region. Primary bone in that region is the Femur.
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4
Q

anatomical nomenclature

A

Always described by the patients point of view.

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5
Q

anatomical language

A

Clear communication and consistency.

Using anatomical directions, regions, and landmarks

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6
Q

anatomical position

A

Palms facing forward with arms to the side
Feet pointing forward with parallel legs
Head facing straight ahead.

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7
Q

medial

A

means towards the midline

Sternum is more medial compared to the humerus

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8
Q

lateral

A

means to the sides of the midline

Humerus is more lateral than the sternum

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9
Q

superficial

A

means closer to the surface of the body

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10
Q

deep

A

means more internal

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11
Q

superior

A

means towards the top

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12
Q

inferior

A

means towards the bottom

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13
Q

axial, proximal,distal

A

axial means the core of the body,

as you move towards the core of the body, you are becoming moreproximal, and as you move away you become moredistal.

Feet are more distal than the knees
If something is below the elbow it is distal and above is proximal

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14
Q

diff planes

A

Coronal (front plane)
○ Separates into posterior and anterior portions

Sagittal
○ Midsagittalis on the midline
○ Parasagittalis not on the midline
○ Separates into left and right side

Transverse
○ Separates into top and bottom portions

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15
Q

body cavities

A

Ventral Body Cavity (coelom)
○ Separatedbydiaphragm into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Thoracic
○ containsright pleural, mediastinum, left pleural cavity
○ Mediastinumalsocontainspericardial cavity

Abdominopelvic
○ Containsabdominal cavityandpelvic cavity

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16
Q

body compartments

A
  • Separated by joints and fascia

Thigh has medial anterior and posterior

Lower leg has lateral anterior and posterior
Anterior is towards the front when in anatomical position

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17
Q

body organization

A
  • 200 types of cells
    • 4 types of tissues in the human body
  • organs come together to form systems
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18
Q

4 types of tissue in human body

A

Nervous tissue
§ Electrical impulses

Epithelial tissue
§ Barrier and covers, transport of oxygen etc

Connective tissue
§ Structures in the body are held in place by connective tissue

Muscle tissue
§ Contracts and causes movement, contracts to generate heat as well

19
Q

epithelia 2 name system

A

First name indicates layering
- simple, stratified, pseudostratified

Second name indicates shape
- squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Simple columnar in the gut, lots of absorption and secretion
Skin is stratified squamous

20
Q

epithelia layers

A
  • Simple = 1 layer
    – Stratified = multilayers
    – pseudostratified
21
Q

epithelia shape

A
  • Squamous = squashed..wider than they are tall
    – Cuboidal = cube…as wide as they are tall
    – Columnar = column..taller than they are wide
22
Q

epithelia

A

Cells arecloselyopposed (cell junctions)
Form surface linings of most glands

Epithilial tissue isavascularso no blood supply but they areinnervated.

Cells arepolarized,apicalregion is different frombasalregion (bottom region with most organelles, nuclei at the bottom so when - packaging it doesnt harm the nucleus).

Silia moves fluid across them, such as the trachea

High regenerative capacity

23
Q

epithelia specialized cells

A
  1. Secrete.
  2. Move fluids across.
  3. Move fluids through
24
Q

epithelia - how it works

A

FIX THIS

25
Q

connective tissue

A
  • Most diverse and abundant tissue in the body
  • Provides structure and support
  • Surrounds, protects, connects structures such as blood vessels and nerves, as well as other tissues.
    ○ Veins and arteries are held together by connective tissues
  • Stores and carries nutrients
    ○ (stores fat, carries blood)

Blood, lymph, bone are connective tissues

26
Q

connective tissue

  • Composed of cells surrounded by extracellular matrix (fibres)
A

○ Few cells in connective tissue compared to extracellular matrix

○ Matrix determines the function of the tissue

○ Connective tissue with dense fibers leads to a hard substance like bone or cartilage.

○ Few extracellular matrix leads to fluidity, like blood.

27
Q

connective tissue proper

A

○ Connects structures to one another
○ Classificiation is based on the structure of the tissue.

  • loose & dense
28
Q

loose connective tissue proper

A

Extracellular matrix is jelly like, not solid

Areolar
□ Anywhere you have packing (empty) space is areolar issue
□ Areolar is present in dermis of skin

Adipose
□ Adipose is fat store

Reticular
□ Liver or spleen, the stroma forms the shape

29
Q

dense connective tissue proper

A

Regular
□ Ligaments resist separation of bones

Irregular
□ collagen fibres are spratic and not organized, like fascia, which surrounds mucles

Elastic
□ In the lungs, walls of vessels like arteries to maintain the pulse

30
Q

specialized connective tissue

A

cartilage
bone
blood

31
Q

cartilage

A

Solid but has ability to compress, we keep cartilage in the ends of the bones where they meet one another and where bones grow in terms of growth plates

Cartilage is constantly growing

Cartilage is better to resist the trauma from friction better than the bone itself

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

32
Q

Hyaline - cartilage

A

□ supports, reinforces
□ resilient cushioning
□ resists compressive stress and friction.
□ Flexibility (weakest)
□ Mostly at the ends of bones (beginings of ribs near sternum)

33
Q

Elastic - cartilage

A 
□ more elastic than hyaline
□ flexible but maintains shape
□ Recoils
□ Cartilage in external ear
□ Epiglottis
34
Q

fibrocartilage - cartialge

A 
□ great tensile strength
□ absorbs compressive shock (rigid)
□ Orientated fibres
□ Strongest
□ Very organized fibres
□ Intervertebral discs, between pubic bones (pubic symphysis), between knees joints
35
Q

bone

A

§ Bone forms from cartilage
§ Rock like compared to other tissues
§ Abundant collagen fibres, resists tension
Bone is alive with rich capillary network.

36
Q

bone difference

A

□ Contains inorganic calcium salts that form a incompressible matrix

Calcium phosphus

37
Q

osteoblasts

A

(blasts means immature bone) secrete collagen into matrix where Ca2+ salts precipitate forming a hardening matrix.

Create cavernous regions and lay bones around them, they start to mature

When bone breaks, the osteoblasts make new bones.

Osteoclaststake away bone and fine the shape of the bone to what it was like before.

38
Q

blood

A

§ connects organs through the cardiovascular system

§ termed connective due to embryonic origin…just like the other connective tissues:mesenchyme

Blood cells that are surrounded by nonliving matrix (the plasma).

Don’t forgetLymphas well!
□ Cells within lymph fluid that is also like plasma

39
Q

muscle main cell line

A

○ Muscle fibres or myocytes

40
Q

main function of muscle

A

Tissue that moves, it’s linked to movement.

Contraction of muscle causes bones to move causing heat generation

41
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
§ Movement of skeleton, support

Cardiac
§ create blood pressure, specific to the heart, contracting the mucle pumps blood and generates blood pressure.

Smooth
autonomic slave, from bowels to blood pressure, under the control of the autonomic system, involuntary in its contraction.

Both skeletal and cardiac muscle are striated, have a stripe like pattern.

42
Q

neuroganglia

A

are the supporting cells that nourish, insulate, and protect the neurons.

43
Q

nervous

A
  • Main component of nervous organs
    ○ Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Neurons, highly specialized, generate, conduct electrical impulses over long distance

Longest cells in body!
○ One cell can run from the spinal chord all the way down to the foot

anatomy (9 decks)

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