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A/P Lecture > Ch. 4 > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A
  • epithilial (mainly about cells)
  • connective (extracellular matrix)
  • muscle (em)
  • nervous (em)
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2
Q

Embryonic Tissue

A

Mesenchyme: all connective tissues start from this

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3
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

The compostition of the noncellular substances surrounding the cells

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4
Q

Germ Layers

(embryonic layers)

A
  • ectoderm: outside; nervous, integumentary system
  • endoderm: inside; digestive system
  • mesoderm: betweeen; skeletan and muscular
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5
Q

Epithelial tissues

A
  • covering
  • free surface: outside; faces the opening or interior; not all mad the same (ie. smooth)
  • lateral surfaces: connects to the neighboring cells
  • basal surface: connects to the basement membrane
  • basement membrane: helps attach epithelial cells to underlying tissues
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6
Q

Function

Diffusion

A
  • simple squamous
  • blood and lymphatic capillaries, alveoli of lungs
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7
Q

Function

Filtration

A
  • simple squamous
  • bowman capsules of kidneys
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8
Q

Function

Secretion or absorbtion

A
  • simple squamous (mesothelium)
  • simple cuboidal (choroid plexus)
  • simple columnar (stomach, small/large intestine, uterus)
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9
Q

Function

Protection

A
  • simple squamous (endothelium and mesothelium)
  • stratified squamous (skin, corneas, mouth and throat)
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10
Q

Function

Movement of mucus

A
  • simple cubodial (terminal bronchioles of lungs)
  • simple columnar (bronchioles of lungs)
  • pseudostratified columnar (larynx, nasal caivty, sinuses, etc)
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11
Q

Function

Stretching

A
  • transitional (urinary bladder, ureter, superior part of urethra)
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12
Q

Types of Epithelial

A
  • simple: protection against friction and abrasion; single layer
  • stratified: barrier and protection; more than one layer
  • pseudostratified: every single cell is attached to the basement membrane
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13
Q

Types of epithelial II

A
  • squamous: flat and scalelike; function is covering, simple diffusion, filtration, protection
  • cubodial: cube shaped; function is secretion or absorbion, movement of mucus
  • columnar: taller than they are wide; function is secretion or absorbion, movement of mucus
  • transitional: roughly cuboidal to columnar when not stretched and squamouslike when stretched
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14
Q

Goblet cells

A
  • specialized columnar cells
  • responsible for synthesizing and secreting mucus
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15
Q

Ciliated

vs

microvilli

A
  • cillia: extensions of cell and are encompased by plasma membrane; wave; large
  • microvilli: increases surface area of cell for absorbtion and secretion; small
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16
Q

Cell connections

desmosomes

A
  • rivets (compact/self contained)
  • relatively weak binding between cells
  • intermediate filaments that extend into the cytoplasm
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17
Q

Cell connections

hemidesmosomes

A
  • similar to one-half of a desmosome
  • anchor to basement membrane
  • intermediate filaments
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18
Q

Cell connections

tight juntions

A
  • hold cells together and form a permeability barrier (do not allow leakage)
  • typically with adhesion belts
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19
Q

Cell connections

Adhesion belt

A
  • found below the tight junction and acts as a weak glue that holds cells together
  • continuous
  • actin filaments
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20
Q

Cell connections

gap junctions

A
  • small, specialized contact region between cells
  • cytoplasmic exchange; allows for communication flow between cells
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21
Q

Glands

A
  • secrete things
  • most are multicellular
  • some are unicellular
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22
Q

Glands

exocrine

A
  • glands with ducts
  • direct secretion into bloodstream (inside body)
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23
Q

Glands

endocrine

A
  • no ducts
  • secrete outside of the body
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24
Q

Glands

simple

A
  • have a single duct
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25
Q

Glands

compound

A
  • ducts that branch off of the main and then branch again
26
Q

Glands

lumen

A
  • internal space of gland
27
Q

Glands

tubular

A
  • glands with secretory regions shaped as tubules (small tubes)
28
Q

Glands

acinar/alveolar

A
  • saclike structure
  • extend off base and form a bulbous
29
Q

Glands

merocrine

A
  • cells o the gland produce secrections by active transport or produce vessicles that empty their contents into the duct through exocytosis
30
Q

Glands

apocrine

A
  • secretory products are stored in the cell near the lumen and a portion of the cell is pinched off and joins secretions
31
Q

Glands

holocrine

A
  • secretory products are stored in the cells of the gland
  • entire cells are shed in order to secrete
32
Q

Connective tissue

Cells

A
  • blast: creates the matrix
  • clast: destroy, breakdown for remodeling
  • cytes: maintain
  • cells can transition from osteoblast to osteocyte
33
Q

Connective tissue

extracellular matrix

A

Components:

  • protein fibers
  • ground substance
  • fluid
34
Q

Connective Tissue

Protein fibers

A
  • collagen: long, complex protein fibers; bundle of individual fibrils
  • reticular: flexible, loose, very fine collagen fibers (loose and curly)
  • elastic: consist of proein call elastin; allows for stretchability
35
Q

Connective Tissue

Collagen

A
  • type I (most common): tendons/ligaments/skin/bone
  • type II: cartilage
  • type III: reticular fibers
36
Q

Connective Tissue

Ground substance

A

what fibers are embedded in

  • hyaluronic acid: long, unbranched polysaccharide (slippery, good lubericant)
  • proteoglycans: the formation of glycosaminoglycans on a protein core
  • adhesives: hold proteoglycan aggregates together and to other structures like plasma membrane
37
Q

Connective Tissue

GS: proteoglycan aggregate

A

traps H2O that allows proteoglycans to return to original shape when compressed and deformed

38
Q

Connective Tissue

GS: glycosaminoglycans

A

short chained polysaccharide and protein combination; are strung out on a protein core

39
Q

Connective Tissue

Type: Loose Connective

A

fewer fibers, more space

  • areolar: loose packing material of most organs and tissues
  • adipose: specialized loose connective tissue; consists of fat cells, which contain large amounts of lipid
  • reticular: full of reticular cartilage; loose, open, sponge like scaffolding; forms the framework of the lymphatic system
40
Q

Connective Tissue

Types: Yellow adipose tissue

A

most abundent; adult; pure energy storage

41
Q

Connective Tissue

Types: Brown adipose tissue

A

specialized for heat production; infant mammals

42
Q

Connective Tissue

Type: Dense Connective

A

more fibers, less space

  • dense regular collagenous: protein fibers are oriented primariy in one direction (parallel); tendons/ligaments
  • dense regular elastic: parallel bundles of collagen fibers and elastic fibers; vocal chords/nuchal ligament
  • dense irregular collagenous: protein fibers that are oriented randomly giving great strength; dermis of the skin
  • dense irregular elastic: randomly oriented collagen fibers; walls of elastic arteries
43
Q

Supporting Connective

Cartilage

A
  • composed of cartilage within an extensive and relatively rigid matrix
  • next to bone, firmest structure in body
  • has no blood vessels or nerves which causes it to heal slowly
44
Q

Supporting Connective

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • equal amounts of collagen and proteoglycan aggregates
  • spongy
  • very smooth surface
  • rib cage/trachea
45
Q

Supporting Connective

Fibrocartilage

A
  • more collagen fibers than proteoglycans
  • much thicker than hyaline cartilage
  • slightly compressed and very tough
  • knee/jaw/between vertebrae
46
Q

Supporting Connective

Elastic cartilage

A
  • numerous elastic fibers in addition to collagen and proteoglycans
  • external ears
47
Q

Supporting Connective

Bone

A

hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and solid matrix (hydroxyapatite)

  • spongy: spaces between trabeculae; more open space; red marrow support
  • compact: more solid, with almost no space between thin layers
48
Q

Fluid Connective

Blood

A
  • fluid matrix is liquid
  • solid components are: RBC, WBC, platelets, dissolved ion and proteins
49
Q

Fluid Connective

Hemopoietic tissue

A
  • forms blood cells
  • found in the bone marrow (soft connective tissue in the cavities of bones)
  • yellow marrow: fat storage area
50
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

contractile

  • skeletal: attaches to the skeleton and enables the body to move; voluntary; cells are long, multineclei, nuclei are on the periphery
  • cardiac: muscle of the heart; involuntary; branched and connected by intercalated disks (contain gap junctions); centrally located nucleus
  • smooth: forms walls of hollow organs, skin, eyes; involuntary; cells are tappered at each end, have a single nucleus, are not striated
51
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

characterized by the ability to conduct electrical signals call action potentials

52
Q

Nervous Tissue

Neurons

A

communicate by action potentials and neurotransmitters

  • cell body: main cytoplasmic chamber where the nucleus is
  • dendrites: receive information and deliver to cell body; short and taper to a fine tip
  • axons: transmit information away from the cell body to the next dendrite; long with a constant diameter
53
Q

Nervous Tissue

Multipolar neurons

A

possess several dendrites and one axon

54
Q

Nervous Tissue

Bipolar neurons

A

possess a single dendrite and axon

55
Q

Nervous Tissue

Psuedo-unipolar

A
  • single, short process that extends from the cell body
  • process divides into two branches that extend towards the brain or the spinal cord
  • two branches act as one axon although there are dendrite like receptors
56
Q

Nervous Tissue

Neuroglia

A

support cells of the brain, spinal chord, and peripherial nerves; maintain neuronal functions

57
Q

Membranes

A

thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity

58
Q

Membranes

Mucous

A

consists of epithelial cells, basement membrane, lamina propria and sometimes smooth muscle; secretes to the outside

  • lamina propria: thick layer of loose connective tissue
59
Q

Membranes

Serous

A

layer of simple squamous epithelium, basement membrane, delicate layer of loose connective tissue

  • mesothelium: layer of simple squamous epitelium
  • serous fluid: secretes in small amounts; lubricates serous membranes in pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities
60
Q

Membranes

Synovial

A

made up of only connective tissue; line freely movable joints

  • synovial fluid: rich in hyaluronic acid, making joints very slippery
61
Q
A

A/P Lecture (6 decks)

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