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A/P Lecture > Ch. 19 Blood > Flashcards

Ch. 19 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood

A
  • transport tissue (gases, nutrients, waste products, processed molecules, regulatory molecules)
  • regulates pH and osmosis
  • maintenance of body temp
  • protection
  • clot formation
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2
Q

Plasma

A
  • liquid part of blood

- composed of water, proteins,ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, and regulatory substances

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3
Q

Water in plasma

A
  • acts as a solvent and suspending medium for blood components
  • 91%
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4
Q

Proteins in plasma

A

-albumins, globulins (alpha, beta, gamma), fibrinogen

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5
Q

Albumins

A
  • makes up 58% of plasma proteins
  • partly responsible for blood viscosity and osmotic pressure
  • acts as a buffer
  • transports fatty acids, bilirubin and thyroid hormones
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6
Q

Globulins

A
  • 38% of plasma proteins

- transport proteins

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7
Q

Alpha globulin

A
  • protects tissues from inflammation damage
  • transports thyroid hormones, lipids, and hemoglobins
  • converts ferrous iron to ferric iron
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8
Q

Beta globulin

A
  • transports iron and lipids
  • involved with immunity
  • prevents blood loss (coagulation protein)
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9
Q

Gamma globilin

A

-involved with immunity

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10
Q

Fibrinogen

A
  • 4% of plasma proteins

- formation of blood clots

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11
Q

Ions

A

-involved in osmosis, membrane potentials and acid base balance

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12
Q

Nutrients

A
  • source of energy

- basic building block of more complex molecules

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13
Q

Waste products

A
  • Urea, uric acid, creatinine, NH3: breakdown products of protein metabolism; excreted by the kidneys
  • bilirubin: breakdown product of red blood cells; excreted as part of bile from liver to small intest.
  • lactic acid: end product of anaerobic respiration; converted to glucose by liver
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14
Q

Gases

A
  • oxygen: necessary for aerobic resp.
  • carbon dioxide: waste product of aerobic resp; as bicarbonate (helps buffer blood)
  • nitrogen: inert
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15
Q

Regulatory substances

A
  • enzymes catalyze chemical reactions

- hormones stimulate or inhibit body functions

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16
Q

Serum

A

-whats left of plasma when all the solids are out (without the clotting factors)

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17
Q

Formed elements of blood

A
  • red blood cells (erythrocytes) (95%)

- white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes) (5%)

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18
Q

Red blood cells

A
  • transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • no nucleus
  • biconcave disc
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19
Q

White blood cells

A
  • 5 different types each with specific funtction

- spherical with nucleus

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20
Q

WBC-neutrophil

A
  • granulocytes

- phagocytizes microorganisms and other substances

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21
Q

WBC-eosinophil

A
  • granulocytes
  • release chemicals that reduce inflammation
  • attack certain worm parasites
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22
Q

WBC-basophil

A
  • granulocytes

- realeases histimine, which promotes inflammation

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23
Q

WBC-lymphocyte

A
  • agranulocyte
  • produces antibodies (b-cells and t-cells)
  • contributes to allergic reactions
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24
Q

WBC-monocyte

A
  • agranulocyte
  • phagocytic cell in blood
  • leaves the blood and becomes a macrophage (which phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments)
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25
Platelet
- cell fragment | - forms platelet plugs
26
Hematopoiesis
-start with stem cells (hemocytoblast) that is in marrow
27
HTP- proerythoblast
-where red blood cells develop
28
HTP-myeloblasts
-where basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils develop
29
HTP-lymphoblast
-where lymphocytes develop
30
HTP-monoblast
-where momcytes develop
31
HTP-megakaryoblast
-where platelets develop
32
Red blood cells
- lose nuclei and nearly all cellular organelles during maturation - main component is hemoglobin (accounts for red color)
33
Primary function of RBC
- transport oxygen from lungs to the various body tissues - transport CO2 from tissues to the lungs - 98.5% of oxygen in blood is transported with hemoglobin
34
Primary function of RBC 2
-CO2 is transported in 3 ways: 7% is dissolved in plasma, 23% is combined with hemoglobin, 70% is in the form of bicarbonate ions
35
Hemoglobin
-consists of 4 polypeptide chains and 4 heme groups (contains one iron atom)
36
Forms of hemoglobin
- embryonic:produced during development - fetal: in place by third month of development - adult: 60-90% is in place at birth
37
Difference in hemoglobin
- different affinities for oxygen | - embryonic and fetal have higher affinity because of the switching of the globin groups
38
Oxyhemoglobin
- oxygenated form of hemoglobin | - bright red
39
Deoxyhemoglobin
- hemoglobin containing no oxygen | - dark red
40
Carbaminohemoglobin
-hemoglobin that carries CO2
41
Erythropoiesis
- the proces by which new red blood cells are produced | - takes about 4 days
42
EPO (erythropoietin)
- hormone produces mostly by the kidneys | - stimulates red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells
43
Hemostasis
-the stoppage of bleeding
44
Vascular spasm
-immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel (capillary)
45
Platelet plug
-an accumulation of platelets that can seal small breaks in blood vessels
46
Platelet plug formation
-platelet adhesion, release and activation, and aggregation
47
Platelet adhesion
- when platelets binds to collagen - mediated through von Willebrand factor - activates platelets
48
Platelet release reaction
- ADP, thromboxanes, and other chemicals are extruded from the platelets by exocytosis - ADP and thromboxane bind to their receptors and activate them - activated platelets release more chemicals, producing a cascade of chemical release
49
Platelet aggregation
-fibrinogen forms a bridge between fibrinogen receptors of different platelets, resulting in a platelet plug
50
Coagulation
-blood clotting formation for a blood vessel that is severely damaged
51
Clotting factors
- found within plasma | - normally inactive until needed
52
Extrinsic Pathway
- starts in the tissues outside of the blood | - ultimately activate factor X
53
Intrinsic Pathway
- starts within the blood | - ultimately activate factor X
54
Anticoagulants
-prevents unwanted clotting by inhibiting one of the factors
55
Clot retraction
- after formation of clot, it begins to condense into a denser, compact structure - platelets contain actin and myosin that contract the extensions of platelets
56
Clot dissolution
-after vessel is repaired by fibroblasts, the clot dissolves within a few days by the activity of plasmin
57
Blood counts | RBC
-number of red blood cells per microliter of blood
58
Blood counts | Hemoglobin
-the amount of hemoglobin in a given volume of blood
59
Blood counts | Hematocrit
-the percentage of the total blood volume that is composed of red blood cells
60
Blood counts | WBC
-measures the total number of white blood cells in the blood
61
Blood counts | differential WBC
-determines the percentage of each of the five kinds of white blood cells

A/P Lecture (6 decks)

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