Ch. 4

Question 1

matter

Answer 1

the “stuff”

Question 2

energy

Answer 2

what makes the stuff move, the ability to do work

Question 3

power

Answer 3

how much energy is being transferred per unit in time

Question 4

kinetic energy

Answer 4

the energy of movement

Question 5

temperature

Answer 5

a description of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance, the back and forth

Question 6

heat

Answer 6

the energy that transfers from one object or substance to another because of a difference in temperature

Question 7

sun

Answer 7

the main supplier of energy to earth. unequal warming of the earth is what puts the atmosphere in motion and is responsible for the most fundamental patters of weather and climate

Question 8

electromagnetic radiation

Answer 8

radiant energy, the form of energy that the sun gives off. entails the flow of energy in waves

Question 9

electromagnetic spectrum

Answer 9

electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths comprises this

Question 10

visible light

Answer 10

wavelengths of radiation to which the human eye is sensitive, we can see these

Question 11

ultraviolet radiation

Answer 11

just shorter than the human eye can see. .01-.4 micrometers

Question 12

infrared radiation

Answer 12

just longer than we can see, .7 and 1000 micrometers. thermal infrared are the longer wavelengths

Question 13

shortwave radiation

Answer 13

solar radiation is almost completely in the form of visible light, uv, and short infrared radiation

Question 14

terrestrial radiation

Answer 14

emitted by earth. entirely in the thermal infrared portion and is long wave radiation

Question 15

insolation

Answer 15

incoming solar radiation

Question 16

radiation or emission

Answer 16

the process by which electromagnetic energy is emitted from an object. the sun is the ultimate hot body of our

Question 17

absorption

Answer 17

when electromagnetic waves striking an object are assimilated by that object. as a basic generalization, an object that is a good radiator is also a good absorber and a poor radiator is a poor absorber

Question 18

reflection

Answer 18

the ability if an object to repel electromagnetic waves that strike it

Question 19

albedo

Answer 19

the overall reflectivity of an object, the higher the albedo the higher the relectivity

Question 20

scattering

Answer 20

when gas molecules and particulates deflect light waves and redirect them in a type of reflection that goes in all different directions, some back to space, and some to the surface as difuse radiation. pg. 85

Question 21

transmission

Answer 21

the process whereby electromagnetic waves pass completely through a medium, as when light waves are transmitted though a pane of clear colorless glass

Question 22

the greenhouse effect

Answer 22

a number or gases in the atmosphere called greenhouse gases readily transmit incoming shortwave radiation from the sun but do not easily transmit outgoing long wave terrestrial radiation. thus keeping radiation in and not letting it out keeping earth atmosphere and surface much warmer than it would be if we had no atmosphere with no greenhouse gases

Question 23

conduction

Answer 23

the transfer of heat from one molecule to another without changes in their relative positions, this enables energy to be transferred from one part of a stationary body to another.

Question 24

convection

Answer 24

energy is transferred from one point to another by the predominantly vertical circulation of a fluid

Question 25

convection cell

Answer 25

warm air expands and moves up, the cooler air moves in from the sides and air from above sinks down to replace it. the radiator warms the air above it making it less dense so it rises taking the place of the more dense cool air above it

Question 26

advection

Answer 26

when the dominant direction of energy transfer in moving fluid is horizontal

Question 27

adiabatic cooling

Answer 27

the expansion that occurs in rising air is a cooling process even though no energy is lost. this is cooling by expansion

Question 28

adiabatic warming

Answer 28

descending air becomes warmer. this is warming by compression

Question 29

latent heat

Answer 29

any phase change involves this exchange of energy.

Question 30

evaporation

Answer 30

liquid water becomes gaseous vapor

Question 31

condensation

Answer 31

water vapor is converted to liquid water

Question 32

global energy budget

Answer 32

the annual balance between incoming and outgoing radiation

Question 33

angle of incidence

Answer 33

the angle at which rays from the sun strike earths surface, this is the primary determinant of the intensity of solar radiation received at any spot on earth

Question 34

specific heat

Answer 34

the amount of energy needed to increase the temp of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius

Question 35

cooling of land and water

Answer 35

land cools and heats more rapidly than water