Ch. 13

Question 1

crust

Answer 1

outermost shell that consists of a broad mixture of rock types. thickness of 7km (4 miles) below ocean, five times thicker under continents. increase in density with depth below surface, but oceanic crust is generally denser.

Question 2

Moho layer

Answer 2

base layer of the crust that is with a significant change in mineral composition

Question 3

mantle

Answer 3

2900 km. largest of four layers. has three layers within. makes up 84 percent of the total volume of earth.

Question 4

lithosphere

Answer 4

uppermost mantle layer. hard and rigid, includes the crust

Question 5

asthenosphere

Answer 5

rocks are so hot they lose much of their strength and become tar like. geothermic energy builds here. volcano activity

Question 6

mesosphere

Answer 6

below the asthenosphere. “lower mantle” where the rocks are very hot and rigid

Question 7

outer core

Answer 7

beneath mantle. depth of 5000 km. molten material here.

Question 8

inner core

Answer 8

innermost area of earth. solid, dense, 1450 km radius, made up of iron nickel or iron silicate (same with outer) the core is the source of energy that pushes the molten material up to the surface where it melts and becomes lava.

Question 9

minerals

Answer 9

the building blocks of all rocks. solid, natural, inorganic, special chemical composition, atoms arranged in regular pattern to form solid crystal.

Question 10

silicate

Answer 10

the largest and most important rock forming mineral. oxygen and silicon. hard and durable.

Question 11

rocks

Answer 11

consolidated combinations of minerals.

Question 12

igneous rock

Answer 12

cooling and solidification of molten rock. determined by the chemistry of the magma. texture determined by where and how the molten materials cooled. coarse: slow cooled. Fine: rapid cooling.

Question 13

lava

Answer 13

molten rock when it flows out on or is squeezed up onto the surface

Question 14

magma

Answer 14

molten rock beneath the earths surface.

Question 15

pyroclastic

Answer 15

tiny pieces of volcanic rock that have been explosively ejected out onto the surface by an eruption

Question 16

volcanic (extrusive) igneous rock

Answer 16

the cooling of lava or the bonding of pyroclastics on the surface

Question 17

pultonic (intrusive) igneous rock

Answer 17

form from the cooling of magma below the surface

Question 18

sedimentary rocks

Answer 18

chemical and mechanical weathering of rocks, the disintegration produces sediments. water, wind, ice, gravity, compaction and cementation consolidates and transforms sediments into sedimentary rock

Question 19

clastic sedimentary rocks

Answer 19

composed of fragments of preexisting rocks in the form of cobble, gravel, sand, silt, or clay

Question 20

metamorphic rocks

Answer 20

rocks that have been physically and possibly chemically altered by heat, pressure, and or chemically active fluids. denser and less porous

Question 21

topography

Answer 21

surface configuration of earth

Question 22

landform

Answer 22

individual topographic feature of any size

Question 23

geomorphology

Answer 23

study of landforms

Question 24

relief

Answer 24

dif, in elevation between high and low points

Question 25

structure

Answer 25

nature, arrangement and orientation of landforms

Question 26

internal processes

Answer 26

originate within the earth. initiated by internal energy that generates forces that apparently operate outside of any surface or atmospheric influence. folding, faulting, and volcanic activity. tend to increase the relief of the surface.

Question 27

external processes

Answer 27

operate at the base of the atmosphere. draws energy from the sources in the lithosphere. wearing down or denudation that eventually tend to diminish topographic irregularities

Question 28

processes include

Answer 28

crustal rearrangements, plate tectonics, volcanism, diastrophism.