Ch 4

Question 1

what does cloning involve?

Answer 1

the replacement of an egg’s genetic material (pronucleus) with that (nucleus) of another cell

Question 2

despite wide variation in appearance and function, all cells have what?

Answer 2

the same DNA

Question 3

the nucleus from an ________ cell can replace the pronucleus of an ____ and develop into an entire _____.

Answer 3

intestinal; egg; animal

Question 4

what was Dolly cloned from?

Answer 4

the nucleus of a mammary cell

Question 5

parthenogenetic activation

Answer 5

egg and cell fused, embryo cultured 7 days, blastocyst forms, embryo transferred to surrogate mother –> birth of Dolly

Question 6

regenerative medicine

Answer 6

the ability to regenerate damaged or diseased tissue using cells from more easily derived tissues (skin, blood) as a source of material – cloning (possible)

Question 7

reproductive cloning

Answer 7

implanting the cloned blastocyst into the uterus of a surrogate mother and bringing the clone to full term

Question 8

why clone human beings?

Answer 8

allow sterile couples to have children, allows couples w/recessive genes for deadly diseased to have children, provide an organ donor to an existing person, to replace a loved one, to copy valuable people, people should be able to do anything not harmful, would eliminate need for men,

Question 9

safety issues with reproductive cloning

Answer 9

1/150 mouse attempts produces an animal, 1/600 for pigs, many deformed births with Dolly, are these individuals “normal”?

Question 10

therapeutic cloning (Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer; SCNT)

Answer 10

cloned individuals are sacrificed at the blastocyst stage to make ESCs idential to a patient

Question 11

why therapeutic cloning (SCNT)?

Answer 11

overcome immune rejection, make ESCs from patients with specific diseases to research the causes of disease

Question 12

British solution

Answer 12

implanting a cloned blastocyst into a uterus is against the law

Question 13

SCNT therapy steps

Answer 13

1) immune-deficient mouse, SCNT, derive ESCs, repair genetic defect, differentiate ESCs to blood cells, replace immune system

Question 14

challenegs of therapeutic cloning

Answer 14

higher bar of moral justification (making embryos with express purpose of destroying them to harvest their cells), huge number of human eggs - could become in high demand

Question 15

what did John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka win the Nobel Prze in Physiology or Medicine for?

Answer 15

their discovery that adult cells can be reprogrammed to be pluripotent

Question 16

advantage to iPSCs being derived from adult tissue

Answer 16

cells are a genetically identical match to the patient

Question 17

safety concerns for therpay

Answer 17

are iPS cells equivalent to ES cells, genes used for reprogramming can promote cancer, does the derivation process introduce mutations?, does it matter what tissu you make your iPS cells from? does the age of the patient matter?, does the method matter?, what is the best method for reprogramming? there are still general safety and efficacy concerns of ESCs

Question 18

concerns for research

Answer 18

cell lines that fluoresce different colors when turning into different tissue types would have to be remade, cell lines with specific mutations to mimic known genetic disease, methods optimized and data collected using existing ESC lines, Loss of prior investment, Careers of young scientists

Question 19

transdifferentiation

Answer 19

making hard to derive tissues directly from an easily derived tissue

Question 20

challenges of transdifferentiation

Answer 20

limited proliferation capacity in vitro limiting their use and still highly experimental