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Baby Bio > Ch 3 > Flashcards

Ch 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

differentiation

A

process of cell specialization

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2
Q

stem cell

A

single cell that can replicate itself or differentiate into many cell types

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3
Q

adult stem cells

A

discrete populations of these generate replacements for cells that are lost through normal wear and tear, injury, or disease

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4
Q

multipotent stem cell

A

potential to make multiple cell types

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5
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

similar to multipotent stem cells by can make all or almost all cell types

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6
Q

committed stem cell

A

devoted to making one or a small number of cell types (sometimes called adult stem cells)

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7
Q

progenitor cell

A

determined to make only one cell type; limited self renewal

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8
Q

differentiated cells

A

mature cell type

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9
Q

if adult stem cells can regenerate tissue, why do we need to use embryonic stem (ES) cells?

A

adult stem cells are derived from specific tissues, need a different type of stem cell for each tissue, rare and difficult to find, and do not grow well outside the body

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10
Q

longstanding clinical application of adult stem cells

A

bone marrow transplant

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11
Q

legislation has been proposed to ban what?

A

all stem cell research – including embryonic AND adult stem cells - would ban research into bone marrow transplants

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12
Q

advantages of embryonic stem cells (ESC)

A

1) grow easily and rapidly in culture (dish), so can make unlimited numbers of cells needed for stem cell replacement therapies 2) can differentiate into any tissue of the body (pluripotent) 3) can be used to treat any degenerative disease

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13
Q

TRUE or FALSE: human embryonic stem cells are derived from aborted fetuses

A

FALSE

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14
Q

where are ESCs derived from?

A

exclusively from excess blastocysts discarded from IVF clinics - donated for research by the parents

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15
Q

since ESCs are removed from an embryo, they aren’t capable of becoming what?

A

a fetus

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16
Q

since ESCs are more “youthful” tissue, they reduce the demand for what?

A

fetal tissue

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17
Q

when a couple decides to undergo IVF, they may sign a what? what happens if they don’t?

A

consent to freeze form; if they don’t, then all extra embryos are discarded

18
Q

what happens to embryos belonging to parents?

A

they may decide to discard or donate to research during or after the process

19
Q

getting stem cell therapy into the clinic (challenges)

A

generate sufficient quantities of the desired cell type, evading immune rejection, survive in the patient after transplant, integrate into the surrounding tissue after transplant, function approximately for the duration of the patient’s life, avoid harming the patient

20
Q

embryonic stem cells can, in principle, provide what?

A

an unlimited source of cells to replenish any degenerating tissue

21
Q

pathway of stem cells

A

embryonic stem cells –> lineage-specific stem cells –> different cell (heart cell) precursor –> transplantation therapy

22
Q

cell–cell communication

A

induction + competence

23
Q

induction

A

cells emit a signal

24
Q

competence

A

other cells are able to receive and interpret the signal

25
Q

making the desired cell type involved what?

A

adding the right molecules of cellular communication to the cell culture medium

26
Q

approaches to evade immune rejection

A

with a bank of ESCs from different individuals we can “match” the patient as closely as possible, encapsulate the cells in tiny capsules that allow the cells to implant into the tissue and secrete what the body needs without risk of being recognized as “non-self”, making ESCs from the patient’s own cells through somatic cell nuclear transfer (therapeutic cloning), making “induced Plluripotent Stem Cells” (iPSCs) from the patient’s own cells

27
Q

when making a tissue from ESCs one must ensure what before introducing into a patient?

A

100% of ESCs are gone

28
Q

solutions to ESCs growing fast and forming tumors

A

1) develop differentiation protocols that are so effective that no ESCs remain, and 2) develop drugs that can specifically kill ESCs so that they can be completely removed from the differentiated tissue

29
Q

major medical research advances from work with human ESCs

A

researching early human development, researching “hard to derive” tissues, drug design tested in target tissue, researching complex human genetic diseases, researching how to make tissues, researching how to make them safely

30
Q

since ESCs divide an unlimited number of times and rapidly, one can make enough for what?

A

therapy

31
Q

the derivation and use of ESCs doesn’t involve

A

abortion, creating embryos with the intention of destroying them for research, or human cloning

32
Q

misconception of abortion involved in ESCs

A

the advent of ESCs has diminished the demand for fetal stem cells because they are derived from a considerably earlier stage of development, are more easily derived, and have more potential

33
Q

misconception of creating embryos with the intention of destroying them for research

A

all ESCs available for use in federally funded research are derived from embryos created fro assisted reproductive technologies only and destined for destruction

34
Q

there are more than enough discarded IVF embryos to support human ESC research, meaning that…

A

there is no NEED to create embryos for research

35
Q

legitimate concerns (not based on misconception)

A

objections to any manipulation of a human embryo, which includes ART, accelerating the death of a human embryo even if the only alternatives are indefinite freezing or discarding, discarding the human embryo is more dignified death than using a human embryo for research, knowledge will lead to abuse – slippery slope argument

36
Q

when do Catholics and Hindus believe that a human embryo is an individual?

A

zygote

37
Q

counter argument to legitimate concern - wrestling value from tragedy

A

IVF is consistent w/modern medical ethics and is now common practice, far more human embryos are discarded than would be necessary for research, the decision to create and destroy these embryos was made for reasons unrelated to research, discarding an embryo is LESS dignified than using it for research, parents have the right to donate their deceased child’s tissue, reduces the use of aborted fetuses for stem cell research

38
Q

where could the slippery slope lead?

A

coercion or payment of women for their eggs, creation of embryos specifically for research, temptation for human cloning

39
Q

therapeutic cloning

A

cloned individuals are sacrificed at the blastocyst stage to make ESCs identical to a patient

40
Q

what is therapeutic cloning used for?

A

to overcome immune rejection and to make ESCs from patients with specific diseases to research the causes of disease

41
Q

reproductive cloning

A

implanting the cloned blastocyst into the uterus of a surrogate mother and bring the clone to full term

42
Q

what is reproductive cloning used for?

A

allows the sterile to have children, allows couples with recessive genes for deadly diseases to have children, provide an organ donor to an existing person, replace a loved one, copy valuable people, people should have freedom to do anything not harmful, would eliminate need for men

Baby Bio (5 decks)

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