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Baby Bio > Ch 2 > Flashcards

Ch 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Today, over ___% of all infants are born in the U.S. every year are conceived using ART.

A

1%

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2
Q

___% of couples conceive within 2 years of trying.

A

92%

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3
Q

Male causes of failing fertilization

A

failure to produce sufficient number of healthy sperm and tubal blockages

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4
Q

female causes of failing fertilization

A

failure to produce sufficient numbers of healthy eggs and tubal blockages

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5
Q

head section of human sperm contains..

A

sperm cell membrane, acrosome, pronucleus

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6
Q

midpiece sectioon of human sperm contains…

A

midpiece

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7
Q

tail section of human sperm contains…

A

flagellum

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8
Q

spermatogonia

A

male germ cells

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9
Q

what do spermatogonia do?

A

line the outer walls of the seminiferous tubles and generate primary spermatocytes

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10
Q

what do primary spermatocytes undergo?

A

meiosis

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11
Q

self-renewing stem cells

A

undergo mitosis to replace those spermatogonia that are continuously being lost to meiosis

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12
Q

spermatogonia are what kind of cells?

A

self-renewing stem cells

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13
Q

oocytes

A

immature eggs

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14
Q

when do women produce all of their oocytes?

A

before they are born

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15
Q

what do all oogonia do in Meiosis I?

A

either die or commit to oogenesis and arrest

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16
Q

how many oocytes survive to wait from puberty to fertilization?

A

500,000

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17
Q

follicles

A

where oocytes mature within the ovary

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18
Q

cumulus cells

A

follicle cells associated with the egg after ovulation

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19
Q

the oocytes are stored in the ____ and mature within the ____ of the ovary.

A

ovary; follicles

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20
Q

4 steps of fertilization

A

localization, penetration, prevention of polyspermy, pronuclear fusion

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21
Q

steps of localization

A

a) uterine contractions move sperm up the oviduct b) near the finish line – strong swimming by the sperm

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22
Q

steps of penetration

A

a) capacitation of sperm to reach zona pellucida b) acromosome reaection - penetrate zona pellucida

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23
Q

what is required for the sperm to penetrate the cumulus layer and reach the zona pellucida?

A

capacitation of sperm

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24
Q

acrosome reaction

A

release of enzymes by the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida

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25
Q

prevention of polyspermy

A

cortical grenules in the egg release chemicals that prevent any more sperm from binding

26
Q

fertilization takes place where?

A

deep into the oviduct, almost all the way to the ovaries

27
Q

steps of sperm in fertilization

A

1) sperm activated by female reproductive tract 2) sperm binds to zona pellucida 3) acrosome reaction 4) sperm lyses hole in zona 5) sperm and egg membranes fuse

28
Q

when does the creation of a new genotype occur?

A

when the pronucleus of the sperm and the pronucleus of the egg fuse to form the nucleus of the zygote

29
Q

zygote

A

one-cell human embryo

30
Q

IVF is not an effective treatment for couples if…

A

the woman has anatomic problems with the uterus

31
Q

genetic causes of infertility in women can affect what?

A

any step of oogenesis, ovulation, and access of sperm to egg

32
Q

acquired causes of infertility in women

A

age, smoking, STDs, body weight, chemotherapy

33
Q

genetic causes of infertility in men affect what?

A

any step of spermatogenesis, semen production, genital tract defects

34
Q

2 acquired causes of infertility different in men from women

A

strenuous bike or horseback riding

35
Q

solving women infertility without IVF can include

A

hormone therapy (induce ovulation) and surgery (tubal blockage)

36
Q

solving infertility in men without IVF

A

fertility drugs, artificial insemination (concentrate sperm), and surgery (tubal blockage)

37
Q

steps of IVF

A

1) ovary stimulated (multiple oocytes mature), 2) egg and sperm retrieved, 3) fertilization, cells divide in vitro, 4) embryo transferred into uterus

38
Q

only how many embryos make it to the blastocyst stage?

A

1/3

39
Q

in healthy embryos, early cleavage divisions occur when?

A

within a certain time frame

40
Q

what happens when the sperm are so rare or incapacitated, what happens?

A

they must be injected into the egg by intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

41
Q

how common is ICSI?

A

quite - 72.9% of IVF is with ICSI

42
Q

how often are donor eggs used when a woman’s eggs aren’t healthy enough?

A

10% of the time

43
Q

as women age, what happens to their eggs?

A

they become less healthy – leading them to opt for donor eggs

44
Q

what can be frozen?

A

sperm and embryos (zygote to blastula)

45
Q

how effective is use of frozen embryos?

A

between 1/2 and 2/3 as effective as fresh embryos for achieving a healthy pregnancy

46
Q

__% of IVF births to women of the age of 30 resulted in multiple babies

A

13%

47
Q

what is a “sucess rate” of IVF?

A

measure of the quality of a companies service – more embryos implanted means a higher success rate.

48
Q

Catholic views on IVF

A

condemns - separates physical act of marital union from the act of procreation

49
Q

Britain view on IVF

A

regulates – cannot implant more than 3 embryos at a time. unused embryos must be discarded after a certain number of years

50
Q

are there restrictions on IVF in the US?

A

no

51
Q

Denmark view on IVF

A

fully funds - any infertile couple can benefit from IVF

52
Q

moral dilemmas of IVF

A

when does life begin?, playing God, economic status & social discrimination, multiple births - life or death choices, extra embryos - what to do with them?

53
Q

2 ways to do sex selection

A

1) sperm sorting by DNA content (sperm with an “X” have more DNA than sperm with a “Y” and a machine can sort the boy and girl sperm before fertilization) (disadvantage - method to measure amount of DNA can damage sperm DNA - mutations)

54
Q

pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) steps

A

1) one blastomere removed for genetic analysis 2) isolate that one cell’s DNA 3) genetic tests for sex, presence of specific mutations that predict disease, or any other genetically inherited traits 4) choose your favorite embryos for implantation

55
Q

arguments for selecting child’s sex

A

women who know that they carry an X-linked mutation can have only girls and avoid passing on the disease, can lower population growth - familties that want one boy and one girl can get there by having only 2 kids, royal family with all daughters can ensure family traditions

56
Q

arguments against selecting child’s sex

A

encourages sex discrimination, choosing one is considered to be rejecting the other, psychologically harmful to a child if his parents don’t want another child of the same sex, amounts to treating unborn as commodities

57
Q

for each trait one wishes to look for, one must:

A

1) identify the DNA sequences that code for that trait, demonstrate that a SNP can be detected in one single cell of an embryo, show that when applied to PGD, healthy children with the desired traits are produced

58
Q

personalized medicine

A

by knowing everyone’s DNA sequence, we can tailor medications to the needs of the patient

59
Q

is PGD regulated in the US?

A

NO - companies are free to offer it as service

60
Q

have people turned to PGD to create a “savior sibling” - genetic match to an existing sibling with an illness?

A

yes

Baby Bio (5 decks)

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