Bio Unit III Ch 1

Question 1

Carnegie Collection of Human Development

Answer 1

650 serial microscopic cross-sections of human embryos

Question 2

Where is the Carnegie Collection of Human Development located?

Answer 2

in the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFP)

Question 3

what does fertilization result in?

Answer 3

the creation of a unique combination of genes (genotype)

Question 4

genes

Answer 4

encode traits such as hair color, eye color, blood type

Question 5

chromosomes

Answer 5

long strings of genes

Question 6

how many chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 6

23 pairs (46) - one from each parent

Question 7

_______ are arranged like balls on a string and compacted into a __________-.

Answer 7

genes, chromosome

Question 8

__ chromosomes are the same in males and females; the __rd pair are different

Answer 8

22; 23

Question 9

karyotype

Answer 9

visible (microscopic) manifestation of the “normal” or “abnormal” number of each of these chromosomes

Question 10

normal individuals all have the same what?

Answer 10

karyotype

Question 11

chromosomes can be thought of as long strings of what?

Answer 11

DNA

Question 12

DNA is made up of what?

Answer 12

4 different kinds of chemical bases or building blocks (A,C, G, or T).

Question 13

the 23 chromosomes contain 3 billion of what?

Answer 13

chemical bases or building blocks

Question 14

genome

Answer 14

complete list of all of the chemical bases in all 23 chromosomes

Question 15

genotype

Answer 15

an individual’s complete list of all chemical bases for the individual

Question 16

all individuals have a unique what?

Answer 16

genotype

Question 17

“human genome”

Answer 17

a kind of “average picture” of all individual genotypes

Question 18

where are chromosomes housed?

Answer 18

the nucleus of the cell

Question 19

sperm and egg are what?

Answer 19

gametes

Question 20

gametes have what?

Answer 20

one of each chromosome.

Question 21

diploid

Answer 21

2 of each chromosome

Question 22

gametes are what?

Answer 22

haploid

Question 23

__ chromosomes are the same in male and female gametes

Answer 23

22

Question 24

all sperm contain 1–22 plus what?

Answer 24

an X or Y

Question 25

all eggs contain 1-22 plus what?

Answer 25

an X

Question 26

"ploid" is Greek for what?

Answer 26

"fold"

Question 27

2 folds =

Answer 27

diploid

Question 28

half folds =

Answer 28

haploid

Question 29

what does fertilization do?

Answer 29

restores the diploid number of chromosomes

Question 30

what re-unites the pairs?

Answer 30

fertilization

Question 31

individual socks within each pair are not ________

Answer 31

identical

Question 32

mitosis =

Answer 32

2 identical cells

Question 33

meiosis =

Answer 33

4 unique gametes from 2623 = 8,388,608 possibilities

Question 34

fertilization =

Answer 34

1 unique zygote from 8,377,608^2 possibilities

Question 35

creation of a new genotype occurs when what?

Answer 35

the pronucleus of the sperm and the pronucleus of the egg fuse to form the nucleus of the zygote

Question 36

zygote

Answer 36

one cell human embryo

Question 37

conception is what kind of term?

Answer 37

an imprecise one- has many different definitions

Question 38

stages 1-3 (first 5 days)

Answer 38

pre-implantation

Question 39

pre-implantation stages can be observed how?

Answer 39

in vitro (in a dish)

Question 40

pre-implantation stages

Answer 40

zygote, cleavage stage, blastocyte

Question 41

during each mitotic division the embryo does what?

Answer 41

NOT increase in size -- divides the existing cytoplasm

Question 42

pre-implantation culminates in the formation of a what?

Answer 42

blastocyst

Question 43

inner cell mass (ICM) =

Answer 43

cells that form the embyro

Question 44

trophoblast

Answer 44

becomes the placenta, not the embryo itself - extra-embryonic

Question 45

blastocoel

Answer 45

cavity filled with fluid

Question 46

we have very little direct knowledge of human development after what stage?

Answer 46

the blastula

Question 47

implantation

Answer 47

mother and baby become one

Question 48

approximately how many human embryos successfully impant

Answer 48

half - the other half are lost without the mother's awareness of pregnancy

Question 49

stage 4-5

Answer 49

implantation

Question 50

how do humans hatch?

Answer 50

embryo escapes through digested zona

Question 51

what does premature hatching lead to?

Answer 51

tubal pregnancy

Question 52

what does the inability to hatch lead to?

Answer 52

infertility

Question 53

"extra-embryonic" tissues

Answer 53

become the placenta

Question 54

formation of the placenta

Answer 54

extra-embryonic tissues derived from the trophoblast (chorion) intermingle with the tissue derived from the mother's uterus (decidua) to form the placenta

Question 55

amniotic cavity

Answer 55

expands to surround the embyro - contains fetal cells that can be drawn for diagnostic tests

Question 56

process of drawing fetal cells from amniotic cavity for diagnostic tests

Answer 56

amniocentesis

Question 57

medical community opinion when a woman is pregnant

Answer 57

when a fertilized egg has been implanted in the wall of a woman's uterus

Question 58

contraceptive

Answer 58

prevents pregnancy

Question 59

abortifacient

Answer 59

terminates a pregnancy

Question 60

RU486

Answer 60

the morning after pill

Question 61

morning after pill use

Answer 61

prevent ovulation (oral contraceptive), interferes with the ability of progesterone to prepare the uterus for implantation, can be effective to induce a medical abortion up to 9 weeks

Question 62

stage 6

Answer 62

gastrulation

Question 63

we have no means of studying ____-______ human development?

Answer 63

post-implantation

Question 64

gastrulation forms what?

Answer 64

basic "germ layers" of the body and creates the germ cells for the next generation

Question 65

what stage represents the end of the possibility of "twinning?"

Answer 65

gastrulation, stage 6

Question 66

stages 7-23

Answer 66

formation of organs (organogenesis)

Question 67

weeks 2-8

Answer 67

completion of first trimester

Question 68

what fraction of embryos survive the first trimester?

Answer 68

1/3

Question 69

stage 7

Answer 69

neurulation

Question 70

neurulation

Answer 70

layout of the brain and nerves

Question 71

stage 9

Answer 71

vertebrae start to form

Question 72

stages 15-17

Answer 72

heart starts pumping blood

Question 73

stage 23

Answer 73

fetus

Question 74

fetus =

Answer 74

end of embryonic period

Question 75

second trimester

Answer 75

gonads form, brain structure complete, "quickening" - mother first feels sensation of the baby, first blood cells, fingerprints and toeprints, brain waves detected

Question 76

what divided illegal from legal abortion until 19th centure?

Answer 76

mother feeling the baby

Question 77

third trimester

Answer 77

child can survive outside the womb with medical help - develops immune system and is full term

Question 78

40 weeks

Answer 78

full term

Question 79

initial gonad

Answer 79

forms weeks 4-7 but is neither male (testes) nor female (ovary)

Question 80

by 8 weeks, what happens with gonads?

Answer 80

embryos with a Y chromosome make testes, those w/o make ovaries - primary sex characteristics that determine male and female

Question 81

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 81

do not appear until puberty

Question 82

an individual without the receptor for testosterone

Answer 82

can be a testosterone-producing male (primary) with completely female external anatomy

Question 83

androgen insensitivity

Answer 83

male primary, female secondary sex characteristics - 1/20,000 individuals

Question 84

legal definition of death

Answer 84

cessation of electrical activity in the brain

Question 85

electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 85

most accurate measurer of brain activity

Question 86

symmetry argument for EEG criterion

Answer 86

if loss of EEG pattern is considered human death, then acquisition of EEG should be considered human life

Question 87

developmental views of human morality

Answer 87

zygote, implantation, twinning no longer possible, completion of brain and nervous system, quickening, consciousness, hallmarks after birth