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Baby Bio > Bio Unit III Ch 1 > Flashcards

Bio Unit III Ch 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Carnegie Collection of Human Development

A

650 serial microscopic cross-sections of human embryos

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2
Q

Where is the Carnegie Collection of Human Development located?

A

in the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFP)

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3
Q

what does fertilization result in?

A

the creation of a unique combination of genes (genotype)

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4
Q

genes

A

encode traits such as hair color, eye color, blood type

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5
Q

chromosomes

A

long strings of genes

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6
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs (46) - one from each parent

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7
Q

_______ are arranged like balls on a string and compacted into a __________-.

A

genes, chromosome

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8
Q

__ chromosomes are the same in males and females; the __rd pair are different

A

22; 23

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9
Q

karyotype

A

visible (microscopic) manifestation of the “normal” or “abnormal” number of each of these chromosomes

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10
Q

normal individuals all have the same what?

A

karyotype

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11
Q

chromosomes can be thought of as long strings of what?

A

DNA

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12
Q

DNA is made up of what?

A

4 different kinds of chemical bases or building blocks (A,C, G, or T).

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13
Q

the 23 chromosomes contain 3 billion of what?

A

chemical bases or building blocks

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14
Q

genome

A

complete list of all of the chemical bases in all 23 chromosomes

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15
Q

genotype

A

an individual’s complete list of all chemical bases for the individual

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16
Q

all individuals have a unique what?

A

genotype

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17
Q

“human genome”

A

a kind of “average picture” of all individual genotypes

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18
Q

where are chromosomes housed?

A

the nucleus of the cell

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19
Q

sperm and egg are what?

A

gametes

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20
Q

gametes have what?

A

one of each chromosome.

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21
Q

diploid

A

2 of each chromosome

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22
Q

gametes are what?

A

haploid

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23
Q

__ chromosomes are the same in male and female gametes

A

22

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24
Q

all sperm contain 1–22 plus what?

A

an X or Y

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25
Q

all eggs contain 1-22 plus what?

A

an X

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26
Q

“ploid” is Greek for what?

A

“fold”

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27
Q

2 folds =

A

diploid

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28
Q

half folds =

A

haploid

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29
Q

what does fertilization do?

A

restores the diploid number of chromosomes

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30
Q

what re-unites the pairs?

A

fertilization

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31
Q

individual socks within each pair are not ________

A

identical

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32
Q

mitosis =

A

2 identical cells

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33
Q

meiosis =

A

4 unique gametes from 2623 = 8,388,608 possibilities

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34
Q

fertilization =

A

1 unique zygote from 8,377,608^2 possibilities

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35
Q

creation of a new genotype occurs when what?

A

the pronucleus of the sperm and the pronucleus of the egg fuse to form the nucleus of the zygote

36
Q

zygote

A

one cell human embryo

37
Q

conception is what kind of term?

A

an imprecise one- has many different definitions

38
Q

stages 1-3 (first 5 days)

A

pre-implantation

39
Q

pre-implantation stages can be observed how?

A

in vitro (in a dish)

40
Q

pre-implantation stages

A

zygote, cleavage stage, blastocyte

41
Q

during each mitotic division the embryo does what?

A

NOT increase in size – divides the existing cytoplasm

42
Q

pre-implantation culminates in the formation of a what?

A

blastocyst

43
Q

inner cell mass (ICM) =

A

cells that form the embyro

44
Q

trophoblast

A

becomes the placenta, not the embryo itself - extra-embryonic

45
Q

blastocoel

A

cavity filled with fluid

46
Q

we have very little direct knowledge of human development after what stage?

A

the blastula

47
Q

implantation

A

mother and baby become one

48
Q

approximately how many human embryos successfully impant

A

half - the other half are lost without the mother’s awareness of pregnancy

49
Q

stage 4-5

A

implantation

50
Q

how do humans hatch?

A

embryo escapes through digested zona

51
Q

what does premature hatching lead to?

A

tubal pregnancy

52
Q

what does the inability to hatch lead to?

A

infertility

53
Q

“extra-embryonic” tissues

A

become the placenta

54
Q

formation of the placenta

A

extra-embryonic tissues derived from the trophoblast (chorion) intermingle with the tissue derived from the mother’s uterus (decidua) to form the placenta

55
Q

amniotic cavity

A

expands to surround the embyro - contains fetal cells that can be drawn for diagnostic tests

56
Q

process of drawing fetal cells from amniotic cavity for diagnostic tests

A

amniocentesis

57
Q

medical community opinion when a woman is pregnant

A

when a fertilized egg has been implanted in the wall of a woman’s uterus

58
Q

contraceptive

A

prevents pregnancy

59
Q

abortifacient

A

terminates a pregnancy

60
Q

RU486

A

the morning after pill

61
Q

morning after pill use

A

prevent ovulation (oral contraceptive), interferes with the ability of progesterone to prepare the uterus for implantation, can be effective to induce a medical abortion up to 9 weeks

62
Q

stage 6

A

gastrulation

63
Q

we have no means of studying ____-______ human development?

A

post-implantation

64
Q

gastrulation forms what?

A

basic “germ layers” of the body and creates the germ cells for the next generation

65
Q

what stage represents the end of the possibility of “twinning?”

A

gastrulation, stage 6

66
Q

stages 7-23

A

formation of organs (organogenesis)

67
Q

weeks 2-8

A

completion of first trimester

68
Q

what fraction of embryos survive the first trimester?

A

1/3

69
Q

stage 7

A

neurulation

70
Q

neurulation

A

layout of the brain and nerves

71
Q

stage 9

A

vertebrae start to form

72
Q

stages 15-17

A

heart starts pumping blood

73
Q

stage 23

A

fetus

74
Q

fetus =

A

end of embryonic period

75
Q

second trimester

A

gonads form, brain structure complete, “quickening” - mother first feels sensation of the baby, first blood cells, fingerprints and toeprints, brain waves detected

76
Q

what divided illegal from legal abortion until 19th centure?

A

mother feeling the baby

77
Q

third trimester

A

child can survive outside the womb with medical help - develops immune system and is full term

78
Q

40 weeks

A

full term

79
Q

initial gonad

A

forms weeks 4-7 but is neither male (testes) nor female (ovary)

80
Q

by 8 weeks, what happens with gonads?

A

embryos with a Y chromosome make testes, those w/o make ovaries - primary sex characteristics that determine male and female

81
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

do not appear until puberty

82
Q

an individual without the receptor for testosterone

A

can be a testosterone-producing male (primary) with completely female external anatomy

83
Q

androgen insensitivity

A

male primary, female secondary sex characteristics - 1/20,000 individuals

84
Q

legal definition of death

A

cessation of electrical activity in the brain

85
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

most accurate measurer of brain activity

86
Q

symmetry argument for EEG criterion

A

if loss of EEG pattern is considered human death, then acquisition of EEG should be considered human life

87
Q

developmental views of human morality

A

zygote, implantation, twinning no longer possible, completion of brain and nervous system, quickening, consciousness, hallmarks after birth

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