Ch. 38-40 Quiz Flashcards
What type of play reproduces adult behavior and when does it occur?
Imitative play occurs toward the end of the preschool years
How do children change physically during the preschool years?
More vertical growth, increase in muscle strength, agility, and fine motor skills
What cognitive stage are preschoolers in?
Still preoperational phase, with increased verbal skills
What is the average weight gain for preschoolers?
5 pounds per year
What is the average height gain for a preschooler?
2.5-3 inches per year
According to Erikson, what develops during the preschool years?
Superego/conscience. Sense of right and wrong
What is the chief psychosocial task of preschoolers?
Developing a sense of initiative
Preschoolers are ready for school at about what age?
5-6 years old
What stage of moral development does Kohlberg say preschoolers are in?
Preconventional or premoral
What type of thinking is often used?
Magical thinking
What changes in body image occur during the preschool years?
Racial identity, biases, differences in appearance, poorly defined body boundaries (skin broken = blood leaking out)
What are some sexuality changes going on in the preschooler?
Form strong attachment to parent of opposite sex, modesty, dress-up, sexual exploration, questions
What social process is completed in the preschooler?
Separation/individuation
Do preschoolers engage in associative play? What is it?
Yes. Playing together with no organization or rules
What is the difference between night terrors and nightmares?
In terrors the child is only partially awakened from non-dream sleep. Nightmares involve full waking
If you are trying to destroy or impair a child’s self-esteem it is considered _____ abuse.
Emotional
Fabricating an illness to harm a child is called what?
Munchausen by proxy syndrome
Ascribing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects is called _____.
Animism
Failure to meet a child’s need for affection, attention, and emotional nurturance is called _____.
Emotional neglect
What kinds of play do preschoolers engage in?
Associative, imitative, imaginative, dramatic
What fears do preschoolers often have?
Dark, alone, animals, ghosts, sexual matters, anything associated with pain
How much sleep does a preschooler need?
11 hours (book says 12 hours)
What do you call behavior that attempts to hurt others or destroy property?
Aggression
What tool is used for speech screening?
Denver articulation screening
What speech problems are common in preschoolers?
Stuttering/stammering and dysfluency
What is dyslalia?
An articulation problem caused by pressuring them to produce sounds ahead of their level
How do preschoolers understand, adjust to work out life’s experiences?
Through play
The deprivation of necessities is called _____.
Physical neglect
What psychosocial development in a preschoolers life brings/provides a feeling of accomplishment in his activities?
A sense of initiative. (initiative vs. guilt)
How would you describe the average preschoolers frame?
Slender but sturdy
What moral/spiritual sense do preschoolers develop?
A concrete sense of justice
Can most preschoolers independently brush and floss their teeth?
No
What age group primarily gets varicella?
Under 15
Erythema infectiosum. Also called _____ _____, is characterized by _____.
Fifth disease. Rash in three stages
What pathogen causes Fifth disease?
Human parvovirus
What causes roseola? How does it present?
Human herpes virus type 6. High fever, then rash
What is rubeola? Where does it often present?
Measles. Buccal mucosa
What agent causes mumps?
Paramyxovirus
What is a major complication of whooping cough?
Pneomonia
What is rubella and what is its major complication?
German measles. Teratogenic effect on fetus
What causes scarlet fever and what are its complications?
Group A strep. Carditis, peritonsillar abscess, glomerulonephritis
What child demographics are predisposed to abuse?
Disabled, preterm, under 3 years old
Physiologically, what does the school age period begin and end with?
Begins with shedding of deciduous teeth and ends with puberty
Is it a time of fast or gradual growth in school age children?
Gradual
How much does height and weight increase by per year during the school years?
Height by 2 inches a year and weight by 2-3 kg per year
Do males and females differ much in size in the school age years?
No
What happens to the heart and bladder in the school age years?
Bladder increases in size, heart still small in relation to rest of the body
What is prepubescence defined as?
The 2 years preceding puberty
When does puberty occur?
Around age 10 in girls and 12 in boys
What do school age relationships center around?
Same sex peers. Freud called it the “latency” period.
What did Erikson call this stage in school age children?
A sense of industry or stage of accomplishment. Also inferiority
What was Piaget’s take on this stage of cognitive development in school age children?
Concrete operations. Judgment based on reasoning
What, according to Piaget, is “conserving?”
Being able to tell if 2 objects are about the same size, even when not side by side
Inappropriate level of attention and impulsiveness is called _____.
ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
What is “encopresis?” Primary? Secondary?
Repeated voluntary or involuntary passage of feces of normal or near-normal consistency into places not appropriate for that purpose. Primary = Fecal incontinence after age 4. Secondary = >4 yrs old fecal incontinence after period of prior established fecal continence
According to Kohlberg, what do school age children develop?
Conscience and moral standard. Kids expect punishment
If a child basically loses contact with reality and is in a world of his own, it is called _____.
Childhood schizophrenia
What is the primary goal of middle childhood?
Increasing independence from parents
What types of play come into focus during school age years?
Rules/rituals, team play, quiet games/activities, ego mastery
How much sleep do school age kids need?
10-12 hours
Puberty is associated with the development of _____ _____ characteristics.
Secondary sex
What does it mean to have a tooth “avulsed?”
Knocked out
A common feature of repetitive use injuries is called _____.
Repetitive microtrauma
Kids left by themselves after school are called _____.
Latchkey kids
Bedwetting is called _____.
Enuresis
True or False. In middle childhood there are fewer stomach upsets, better blood sugar maintenance, and increased stomach capacity.
True
Are caloric needs in relation to stomach size higher or lower in relation to preschool years?
Lower
Are backpacks the preferred method of carrying books for school kids?
Yes
Do school age kids mature more physically or emotionally?
Physically
What factor most influences the amount and manner of discipline in school age kids?
Response of the child to reward and punishment
What do you do for an avulsed tooth?
Rinse off, reinsert in socket, have child bite on gauze, send to dentist
What is psychosocial dwarfism defined as?
Growth retardation in children over 2
What is the most ocmmon chromosomal abnormality in school age children?
Klinefelters syndrome. Males - 1 in 850 births. Additional X chromosome
What is done for a stress fracture?
NSAIDS, cryotherapy, cold whirlpool, physical therapy
What can be done for “Tall stature?”
Estrogen if initiated before menarche. Controversial
What is the most common cause of short stature worldwide?
Inadequate nutrition
Who does Turner’s syndrome affect?
Females - 1 in 2500 births. Absence of an X chromosome
What are the s/s of Turner’s syndrome?
Sterile, short, no secondary sex characteristics, webbed neck, shield chest, wide nipples, low posterior hairline
What is the definition of enuresis? Who gets it more, males or females?
2x per week for 3 months after age 5 of bedwetting. Males
What drugs are prescribed for ADHD?
Ritalin, adderall, dexadrine (stimulants), clinidrine, guanfacine (TCA’s), atomoxetine (norepinephrine transport inhibitor)
What is the bladder volume of a school age child?
300-500 mL.
When is “school phobia” most likely to develop?
After age 10
What is a conversion reaction?
Hysteria
When does childhood schizophrenia appear?
After age 4 or 5
What is adolescence defined as?
Starts at puberty and ends with the cessation of growth at 18-20 yrs of age
What are some safety considerations for teens?
MVA, self-mutilation, suicide, alcohol
Sleep-wise what is common among teens?
Sleep deprivation
When is postpubescence?
1-2 years after puberty. Skeletal growth complete. Repo well established
What’s the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics?
Primary-external (the boys) and internal organs of repo. Secondary - voice, hair, boobs, fat
What is defined as the initial appearance of menstruation, and when does this occur?
Menarche. Approx 2 years of onset of prepubescent changes
When do females estrogen levels rise?
Until about 3 years after menarche
Man boobs. Common in mid puberty
Gynecomastia. Disappears in less than 2 years
Binging/purging
Bulimia
Eating disorder where they don’t eat
Onorexia
What often happens in males toward the end of the adolescent growth spurt?
Nocturnal emmision
What is responsible for the rapid growth of early teens?
Androgens
What is defined as a guide for estimating sexual maturity?
Tanner stages of sexual maturity
What is the appearance of breast buds at 9-13 1/2 years?
Thelarche
What is it called when you get your pubes?
Adrenarche
How much growth is achieved during puberty?
20-25% of total height
How much growth is achieved during puberty?
20-25% of total height
What type of play reproduces adult behavior and when does it occur?
Imitative play occurs toward the end of the preschool years
Define obesity
95th percentile
What is obesity in girls associated with?
Early onset on menarche
What is painful menses called? Lack of?
Dysmenorrhea; Amenorrhea
What is the average age of menarche in north American girls?
12 years 9 1/2 months
What hormone causes the vagina, uterus, fallopina tubes, and breasts to grow and develop?
Estrogen
What psychosocial aspect do teens develop (Erikson)?
Sense of identity
If breast development hasn’t occurred by age 13, it is called _____ _____.
Pubertal delay
What is the first pubescent change in boys?
Testicular enlargement, with thinning, redness, and looseness of scrotum
What is Piaget’s cognitive crap on teens?
Formal operations period, abstract thinking, variables, concern for other’s thoughts
What is Kohlberg and morals in teens?
Internalized morals.Questioning, duty/obligation, justice/reparation
What physiologic changes occur in the adolescent years?
Heart size/strength/blood volume increase. Pulse and heat production decrease. Respiratory volume and vital capacity increase
Male reproductive problem commonly identifies in teen males.
Urethritis
How does testicular cancer present in teens?
Hard, palpable mass on anterior lateral surface
What is the treatment for an adolescent with dysmenorrhea?
NSAIDS
What is often an adverse effect in an anorexic teen who exercises?
Amenorrhea
What is primary amenorrhea? Secondary?
Primary = None by 14 or 15, or secondary characteristics there but no menarche by 16 to 16 1/2. Secondary = Absence for 6 months
Drug abuse, misuse, and addiction are defined as _____ _____ _____ _____.
Culturally defined voluntary behaviors
Drug tolerance and physical dependence are defined as _____ _____ ______.
Involuntary physiologic responses
No threat of suicide should be _____ or _____.
Ignored. Challenged
What eating disorder is associated with laxative and diuretic abuse?
Bulimia
