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Peds/OB Nrsg 112 > Ch. 36 & 37 Infants & Toddlers > Flashcards

Ch. 36 & 37 Infants & Toddlers Flashcards

1
Q

When does an infant double his birth weight? Triple? Quadruple?

A

Double at 6 mo. Triple at 1 yr. Quad at 2 1/2 yrs

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2
Q

Does an infant grow steadily or in spurts?

A

Spurts

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3
Q

When do they start grasping objects? Transfer between hands? Pincer grasps? 2 block tower?

A

Grasp 2-3 mo; Transfer 7 mo; Pincer 10 mo; Tower 12 mo

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4
Q

When do they begin to roll over? Sit up? Prone to sitting?

A

Roll 5-6 mo; Sit 7 mo; Prone to sit 10 mo

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5
Q

When does head lag cease?

A

Almost no head lag at 4 months

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6
Q

What is the term that describes the head to toe direction of physical development in an infant?

A

Cephalocaudal

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7
Q

When do they crawl? Creep? Walk w/assistance? Walk alone?

A

Crawl 6-7 mo; Creep 9 mo; Walk w/assistance 11 mo; Walk alone 12 mo

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8
Q

What is the realization that objects still exist when they leave an infants field of vision and when does this occur?

A

Object permanence. At 9-10 months. Piaget. Cognitive

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9
Q

What order of development, first to last, would biting, food, and grasping be in? At what months for food? Erikson-psychosocial

A

Food for the first 3-4 months, then grasping, then biting

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10
Q

What age range is considered infancy? Toddler? Preschool? School age? Adolescent?

A

Infancy = Birth-1 yr; Toddler = 1-3 yrs; Preschool = 3-5 yrs; School = 6-12 yrs; Adolescent = 13-18 yrs

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11
Q

According to Piaget, what cognitive stage is an infant in for the 1st year of life?

A

Sensoromotor. Birth to 1 month = reflex stage

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12
Q

When does an infant become aware that he and mom are separate and what does this cause? When is this individuation complete?

A

Separation anxiety starts at 3-4 months. They realize they are separate by 12 months

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13
Q

If an infant is not bonding with his mother it is called _____?

A

RAD = Reactive Attachment Disorder

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14
Q

When does stranger fear develop? Why does it develop?

A

5-6 months. Child is realizing that he is an individual, separate from his mother

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15
Q

What is the fusion of 2 ocular images called and when does it occur?

A

Binocularity. Begins at 6 wks and is complete by 4 months

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16
Q

What is the cessation of breathing for 20 seconds or more called and should you sleep with the baby who has it?

A

Apnea. NO!!! You should use baby and apnea monitors and be less than 30 seconds away

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17
Q

Define colic?

A

Abdominal pain lasting 3+ hrs with drawing up of legs. Infant under 3 months

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18
Q

What is graduated extinction?

A

Giving reassurance only to a crying infant who needs a nap and then putting them back down again

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19
Q

What do we need to know about infant sleeping?

A

15-20 hrs per day. On back. No sharing a bed with them

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20
Q

What should an infant eat the first 6 months?

A

Nipple food only (breast or bottle)

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21
Q

What 3 reflexes were mentioned about infants on the concept map?

A

Moro (Startle), rooting, sucking

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22
Q

How do you introduce new foods to an infant?

A

1 at a time in case of allergic reaction

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23
Q

What kind of play do toddlers participate in?

A

Parallel play

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24
Q

What is the unexpected death of an infant under 1 called?

A

SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)

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25
Q

What is an acquired condition that occurs as a result of cranial molding during infancy?

A

Positional plagiocephaly

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26
Q

When should parents start cleaning a child’s teeth? Start fluoride?

A

As soon as teeth erupt. 6 months

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27
Q

What immunizations are infants usually given?

A

Hep A/B, DPT, Polio, MMR, pneumococcus, flu B, varicella, influenza

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28
Q

If untreated, what does Hep B lead to? Hep A?

A

Cirrhosis of the liver. Liver disease

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29
Q

Why diphtheria vaccine?

A

Causes lung problems. High morbidity

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30
Q

Why a pertussis vaccine?

A

More than half of infants < 1 who contract it are hospitalized

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31
Q

Why a tetanus vaccine?

A

Bacterial disease of the nervous system. 10-20% die

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32
Q

Why a rubella vaccine?

A

Risk to fetus if mother contracts it

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33
Q

Why a rotavirus vaccine?

A

Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis (vomiting and severe diarrhea) among children worldwide

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34
Q

What is VAERS and is it required?

A

Vaccine adverse event reporting system. Yes, it is required by federal law

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35
Q

What is regurgitation?

A

Return of undigested food from the stomach, usually accompanied by burping

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36
Q

What is the difference between organic and nonorganic FTT?

A

Organic has an underlying medical cause. FTT is considered Ht and Wt below 5th%

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37
Q

How do toddlers change physically?

A

Growth slows, mobility increases

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38
Q

At what age is birth weight quadrupled?

A

2 1/2 yrs

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39
Q

What drugs are sometimes given to infants with apnea?

A

Theophylline and caffeine (Respiratory stimulant drugs)

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40
Q

How much weight will a toddler gain per year? Height?

A

4-6 lbs; 3 inches

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41
Q

Instead of spurts, growth is more _____ in toddlers.

A

Steplike

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42
Q

What is an acceptable visual acuity for a toddler?

A

20/40

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43
Q

What senses are used in the toddler age child?

A

All senses

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44
Q

What is the 3rd leading cause of death in infants?

A

SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)

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45
Q

When does the posterior fontanel close?

A

6-8 weeks

46
Q

Colic is more common in infants who have signs of _____.

A

FTT (Failure To Thrive)

47
Q

When do you withhold a vaccine?

A

In a child with a moderately acute illness without a fever

48
Q

What is a successful method for giving a child more than 1 injection?

A

Give the least painful one 1st

49
Q

Does smoking affect SIDS rates?

A

Yes. Increases SIDS deaths if mom smokes

50
Q

What is the “Need to maintain sameness and reliability” in a toddler called?

A

Ritualism

51
Q

What is “A necessary assertion of self control” in a toddler called?

A

Negativism

52
Q

When does sphincter control develop?

A

18-24 months

53
Q

At what age should a toddler be able to throw a ball?

A

18 months

54
Q

Toddlers usually engage in _____ play with other children.

A

Parallel

55
Q

In what developmental stage does a toddler relinquish dependence on others?

A

Autonomy

56
Q

If the head circumference of a toddler is 50 cm, what would the chest circumference be?

A

50 cm

57
Q

True or False. Before separation and individuation can occur, the toddler must be free of all separation anxiety.

A

False

58
Q

How many words are acquired by age 2?

A

300 words

59
Q

According to Piaget, at what cognitive level is a toddler at?

A

Sensorimotor and preoperational. Preoperational starts about age 2

60
Q

What is the preoperational phase?

A

The transition between self-satisfying behavior and socialized relationships

61
Q

What moral stage are toddlers in?

A

Preconventional

62
Q

What are most toddler accidents related to?

A

Exploration

63
Q

Do toddlers need large portions of food?

A

Small portions and snacks

64
Q

On average, how much sleep should a toddler need?

A

14 hours

65
Q

When do toddlers recognize sexual differences?

A

By age 2

66
Q

Is bowel training usually accomplished after bladder training?

A

No

67
Q

As language develops, what happens around age 2?

A

Multiword sentences instead of single

68
Q

How do you assess readiness for toilet training?

A

Enough fine motor skills to remove clothing, sphincter control, dry 2 hours, impatient with wet/soiled diapers, curiosity

69
Q

What is “Physiological anorexia?”

A

At 18 months of age toddlers become finicky eaters

70
Q

What is the #1 cause of accidental death after age 1?

A

MVA

71
Q

What do you do to a toddler who is “head banging” for attention?

A

Protect them. Nothing else

72
Q

Are small amounts of stress good for toddlers?

A

Yes. It helps them develop coping skills

73
Q

What is a healthy way to serve food to toddlers?

A

Nutritious nibbling

74
Q

When can children be let out of their car seats?

A

40 inches, 40 pounds, or midpoint of head is at back of car seat

75
Q

What head control does a 1 month old have while being pulled to a sitting position?

A

Complete head lag

76
Q

What head control does a 2 month old have while being pulled to a sitting position?

A

Partial head lag

77
Q

What head control does a 4 month old have while being pulled to a sitting position?

A

Almost no head lag

78
Q

At what age does an infant momentarily lift their head while in the prone position?

A

1 month

79
Q

At what age does an infant lift their head and chest 90 degrees and bear weight on forearms?

A

4 months

80
Q

At what age does an infant lift their head, chest, and upper abdomen and can bear weight on hands?

A

6 months

81
Q

What is the parachute reflex and at what age does this appear?

A

A protective response to falling, appears at 7 months

82
Q

At what age is the infant’s back completely rounded and has no ability to sit upright?

A

1 month

83
Q

At what age does the infant exhibit more control; back is still rounded, but infant can sit up momentarily with some head control?

A

2 months

84
Q

At what age is the infants back rounded only in the lumbar area, and infant is able to sit erect with good head control?

A

4 months

85
Q

At what age can the infant sit alone, leaning on hands for support?

A

7 months

86
Q

At what age can an infant sit without support?

A

8 months

87
Q

At what age can an infant transfer objects between hands?

A

7 months

88
Q

Define a cephalocaudal pattern.

A

Proceeding in the direction from head to toe

89
Q

Define crawling.

A

Propelling forward with belly on floor

90
Q

Define creeping.

A

On hands and knees with belly off floor

91
Q

What is used for the management of colic?

A

Mylicon drops for the gas

92
Q

What is spitting up?

A

Dribbling of unswallowed formula from the infant’s mouth immediately after a feeding

93
Q

What does ALTE stand for?

A

Apparent Life-Threatening Event

94
Q

What is used in the diagnostic eval of ALTEs?

A

Apnea monitors which provides observation of the infant’s status; and immediate intervention during apneic episodes (alarm on monitor goes off), including CPR

95
Q

How is positional plagiocephally prevented?

A

“Back to sleep” and front to play

96
Q

What illnessess are common among toddlers and why?

A

Upper respiratory infect, otitis media and tonsilitis internal structures of the ear and throat continue to be short and straight

97
Q

What is manual dexterity and at what age does a toddler develop these skills?

A

Ages 12-15 month. Able to grasp a very small object but able to release it at will

98
Q

What is a preoperational thought?

A

Implies children (toddlers) cannot think in terms of operations

99
Q

What behaviors are common among toddlers

A

Imitation of behaviors and domestic mimicry

100
Q

What is the concept of time like for a toddler?

A

Still embryonic where a minute can seem like an hour

101
Q

What is the development of gender identity in a toddler?

A

Exploration of genitalia, understands gender roles and like to play “house”

102
Q

What is much greater than the numbers of words a toddler can say?

A

Comprehension

103
Q

At what age does a toddler use 1 word sentences?

A

Age 1 year

104
Q

By what age does a toddler use multiword sentences?

A

By age 2

105
Q

What skills result in tyrannical, strong-willed, and volatile behaviors?

A

Skills for independence

106
Q

What are some independent skills a toddler demonstrates?

A

Feeding, playing, dressing, and undressing self

107
Q

Whys is it important to select appropriate toys for toddlers to play with?

A

Safety; Choking and aspiration

108
Q

What is parallel play?

A

Characterized by the child playing alongside, not with, other children

109
Q

Why is tactile play important for the exploring toddler?

A

Provides excellent opportunities for creative and manipulative recreation

110
Q

What are some concerns related to growth and development of a toddler?

A

Toilet training, sibling rivalry, temper tantrums, negativism, and regression

111
Q

How is dental health promoted in a toddler?

A

Regular dental exams (q6mo), removal of plaque, fluoride and low-cariogenic diet (limit sugar intake)

Peds/OB Nrsg 112 (9 decks)

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