Ch. 16 Management of Discomfort Flashcards
Pain that predominates during the first stage of labor; it results from cervical changes, distention of the lower uterine segment, and uterine ischemia.
Visceral pain
Pain that predominates during the second stage of labor; it results from stretching and distention of perineal tissues and pelvic floor to allow passage of the fetus, from distention and traction on the peritoneum and uterocervical supports during contractions, and from lacerations of soft tissues
Somatic pain
Pain in labor and birth that originates in the uterus and radiates to the abdominal wall, lumbosacral area of the back, iliac crests, gluteal area, and down the thighs
Referred pain
Theory of pain based on the premise that pain sensations travel along sensory nerve pathways to the brain, but only a limited number of sensations or messages can travel through these nerve pathways at one time; by using distraction techniques the capacity of nerve pathways to transmit pain is reduced or completely blocked
Gate Control Theory
Endogenous opioids secreted by the pituitary gland that act on the central and peripheral nervous systems to reduce pain; their level increases during pregnancy and birth, thereby enhancing a woman’s ability to tolerate acute pain and reducing anxiety
Endorphins
Childbirth method, also known as the natural childbirth method or childbirth without fear, that is based on the theory the childbirth pain is socially conditioned and caused by a fear-tension-pain syndrome
Dick-Read method
Childbirth method, also known as the psychoprophlactic method, that conditions a women to respond to uterine contractions with relaxation techniques and breathing patterns.
Lamaze
Childbirth method, also known as husband-coached childbirth, that emphasizes working in harmony with the body using breath control, abdominal breathing, and general body relaxation; it stresses environmental factors such as darkness, solitude, and quiet to make childbirth a more natural experience.
Bradley
Childbirth method in which pregnant women (couples) learn how the birthing muscles work when the woman is in a state of relaxation; the woman will be relaxed, in control, and experience surges (contractions) while calm and relaxed, free of fear and tension
HypnoBirthing
Childbirth method based on the belief that childbirth is not a medical event but a profound rite of passage; parents are taught the power of birthing-in awareness while mentors create a safe, nurturing class experience and assist parents to find their personal strength and wisdom and to develop a pain-coping mindset.
Birthing from within
What is relaxed breath in through the nose and out through the mouth that begins each breathing pattern and ends each contraction called?
Cleansing breath
What is the paced breathing technique during which a woman breathes at approx 6-8 breaths per min (not less than half normal breathing rate) called?
Slow-paced breathing
What is the paced breathing technique during which a woman breathes at approx 32-40 breaths per min (not more than twice normal breathing rate) called?
Modified-paced breathing
What is the paced breathing technique during which a woman breathes at approx 32-40 breaths per min interspersed with blowing out of air in a ratio of 3:1 or 4:1; this technique enhances concentration called?
Patterned-paced breathing
What is the paced breathing technique during which a woman breathes at approx 32-40 breaths per min (not more than twice normal breathing rate); a pattern of upper chest, shallow breaths is followed by relaxed exhales called?
Pant-blow breathing
What is the breathing technique used during the second stage of labor in which the woman works with her contractions by inhaling and exhaling slowly through pursed lips as she bears down; grunting or making noise with exhalation is encouraged because it keeps the glottis open called?
Slow exhalation pushing or Open-glottis pushing
What is the breathing technique used during the second stage of labor in which the woman uses the Valsalva maneuver by inhaling and then holding her breath as she bears down for about 6 seconds and a support person counts to 10 called?
Direct pushing or Closed-glottis pushing
What is a light massage (stroking of the abdomen or other body part) in rhythm with breathing during contractions called?
Effleurage
What is the steady pressure against the sacrum using the fist or heel of the hand to help the woman cope with the sensations of internal pressure and pain in the lower back called?
Counterpressure
What is bathing, showering, or whirlpool baths using warm water to promote comfort and relaxation during labor, reduce fear of pain, and cope with pain called?
Hydrotherapy (water therapy)
What is the method that involves placement of 2 pairs of electrodes on either side of the woman’s thoracic and sacral spine to provide continuous mild electrical currents that can be increased during a contraction, thereby stimulating the release of endorphins that provide relief from discomfort called?
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
What is the application of pressure, heat, or cold over the skin of specific points on the body termed tsubos, which have increased density of neuroreceptors and increased electrical conductivity called?
Acupressure
What is the insertion of fine needles into specific areas of the body to restore the flow of qi (energy) and decrease pain, which is thought to be obstructing the flow of energy called?
Acupuncture
What is a relaxation technique that can be used for labor that is based on the theory that, if a person can recognize physical signals, certain internal physiologic events can be changed called?
Biofeedback
What is the use of oils distilled from plants, flowers, herbs, and trees to promote health and well-being and to treat illness called?
Aromatherapy
What type of aromatherpy is reported to have positive effects in pregnancy and labor for some women?
Herbal teas and vapors
What is an injection of small amounts of sterile water by using a fine needle into four locations on the lower back to relieve back pain called?
Intradermal water block
What is the effectiveness of intradermal water block related to?
It is related to the mechanism of counterirritation, gate control, or an increase in the level of endorphins
What is the tool that expectant parents can use to explore their childbirth options and choose those that are most important to them called?
Birth plan
What does a birth plan serve as?
It can serve as means of open communication between the pregnant woman and her partner and between the couple and health care providers
Describe the pharmacologic method of anesthesia.
Abolition of pain perception by interrupting nerve impulses going to the brain. Loss of sensation (partial or complete) and sometimes loss of consciousness occurs.
Describe the pharmacologic method of an autologous epidural blood patch.
Method used to repair a tear or hole in the dura mater around the spinal cord as a result of spinal anesthesia; the goal is to prevent or treat postdural puncture headaches (PDPH).
