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General Biology II E4 > Ch. 35: Plant Growth, Structure, and Development > Flashcards

Ch. 35: Plant Growth, Structure, and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

List and explain the four major trends observed in plants as they transitioned from aqueous to terrestrial environments

A

1) protection and nourishment of the multicellular embryo within the body of the female
2) formation of vascular tissue to distribute water, nutrients, and carbohydrates through the plant
3) appearance of seeds: naked or fleshly; used for protection of the embryo
4) Flower: attractive to animals to disperse seeds

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2
Q

How are the functions of roots and shoots complimentary?

A

Roots: anchor, water, minerals and other micronutrients
Shoots: photosynthesis, gas exchange (O2, CO2)
- more branching, the more SA
- means more collection of nutrients/water in roots and more photosynthesis in shoots
- they work together

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3
Q

If a developmental mutation eliminated the production palisade mesophyll, how would the health of the plant be affected?

A

The palisade mesophyll is the location of the bulk of photosynthesis (chlorophyll, light rxns, ATP, NADPH)

Photosynthesis: what the plant uses to produce energy for the plant

without the palisade mesophyll, photosynthesis would not occur, meaning it is unable to produce energy or oxygen

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4
Q

How does the xylem function as both a vascular and structural tissue?

A

Xylem in vascular tissue: water conducting (dead at maturity) from roots to shoots

Xylem in structural tissue: tracheids and vessel elements
- can have 2nd xylem in dicots; helps in the formation of wood

  • tracheids: long, narrow, connected by perforation plates (pits)
  • vessel elements: wider, shorter with flatter perforation plates
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5
Q

What differences in growth rate would you predict for a plant that lost its mycorrhizae?

A

Mycorrhizae: help absorb mineral (N2, P, carbs); will increase SA

if lost, not as many mineral would be absorbed due to the decrease in SA

  • mutualistic fungi with plants
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6
Q

What are the products of the vascular cambium and cork cambium?

A

Vascular cambium: 2nd xylem (wood, dead); 2nd phloem (live)

Cork cambium: bark (with 2nd phloem); cork cells (live) from periderm (dead) (replace epidermis) with suberin

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7
Q

How do plants produce “wood”? Compare heartwood with sapwood.

A

Vascular cambium => 2nd xylem => wood

Heartwood: additional cross-linking proteins that harden, structural, no water conduction (dense)

Sapwood: H2O conduction

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8
Q

If a plant lost its casparian strip, how would this affect water and solute absorption into the stele?

A

Casparian Strip is made up of suberin and is used as a “filter”

Steele: the central canal that everything travels down

If no casparian strip, there is no filter and harmful materials (i.e. bacteria) could enter the plant

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9
Q

Plants have a hierarchical organization consisting of

A

Organs, tissues, and cells

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10
Q

Different meristems generate new cells for

A

Primary and secondary growth

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11
Q

Primary growth…

A

lengthens roots and shoots

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12
Q

Secondary growth…

A

increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants

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13
Q

3 basic plant organs

A

roots
stems
leaves

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14
Q

Plants esp. terrestrial

A
  • Chlorophyta
  • Terrestrially
  • Photosynthetic
  • Cell walls
  • Non-motile
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15
Q

Classification of plants

A

1) Nonvascular plants
2) Seedless Vascular
3) Seed-bearing: Gymnosperms
4) Seed and flower bearing: Angiosperms

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16
Q

Nonvascular plants

A

short
gametes/zygotes dispersed by water
water diffuses through plants
get water from below

i.e. mosses, hornworts, liverworts

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17
Q

Seedless vascular

A

Vascular: water/nutrients
need to anchor self to grow
- more elaborate root system

i.e. club mosses, ferns

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18
Q

Gymnosperms

A

seed-bearing

i.e. conifers, Ginkgo

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19
Q

Angiosperms

A

seed and flower bearing

20
Q

internodes

A

where branches come off of

21
Q

Vegetative shoot

A

leaves

22
Q

reproductive shoot

A

flowers

23
Q

apical bud

A

where mitotic growth happens
meristem: actively dividing
? end of any shoot

24
Q

axillary bud

A

backup bud

25
Q

Plants

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Multicellular
  • Sessile
  • Photosynthetic
  • Primarily terrestrial (basis of terrestrial food chain)
  • Agricultural: nitrogen needed, fertilized soil (can add some nutrients)
26
Q

Trends

A

1a) Protect their embryo:
embryo (sporophyte) is retained within the parent (gametophyte)

1b) Grow up and not out: increase in size, vertical = increased spore production
2) Vascular tissue: diffusion is limited, bulk flow mechanism, direct water flow, seal off epidermis and reduce desiccation
3) Appearance of seeds: protects and nourishes the embryo, lie dormant in soil (wait for optimal times), do not require water for fertilization (but rather wind pollination)
4) Appearance of flowers: increase fertilization of seeds via pollinators, fruits aid in dispersal, endosperm which nourishes early embryo (in seeds)

27
Q

Plant Anatomy/Plant Body

A
  • Roots: below ground/anchoring
  • Shoots/Stems: Leaves: organs
  • Branches, Buds, Flowers: Organ systems
  • Shoot system
  • Root system
28
Q

Types of Growth

A

1) Reproductive: flowers, seeds, spores

2) Vegetative: everything else

29
Q

Roots

A
  • multicellular organ
  • anchor
  • absorptive: H2O, minerals, N2
  • Taproot: straight off stem
  • Lateral root: off of main stem
  • Root Hairs: membrane evaginations of epidermis; off of lateral roots
  • Fibrous root system: i.e. grass
30
Q

Stems

A
  • Nodes: where branch comes off

- Internodes: area between two nodes

31
Q

Leaves

A
  • Petiole
  • Blade
  • Vein: branch (vascular tissue)
  • Parenchyma: photosynthetic: CO2 in; O2 out
  • Epidermis, stoma, cuticle
32
Q

Different types of leaves

A

1) Simple: petiole, axillary bud
Good SA/V ratio

2) Compound: leaflet, petiole, axillary bud

3) Doubly compound: leaflet on leaflet, petiole, axillary bud
- most wind tolerant since it allows air to go through easier

33
Q

Tissues

A

1) Dermal: epidermis:
- Guard cells: can regulate diameter and form pores (stoma) in leaves
- Cuticle: Waxy substance: seal epidermis from H2O loss
- Periderm: cells that replace epidermis in “woody” plants

2) Vascular tissues:
- xylem: water conducting: dead at maturity
- phloem: sap conducting: living
- stele: vascular cylinders (xylem and phloem bundled together)

3) Ground tissue:
- cells that are not dermal or vascular
- Pith: ground tissue internal relative to vascular cylinders
- Cortex: ground tissue external relative to vascular cylinders

34
Q

1) Dermal: epidermis:

A
  • Guard cells: can regulate diameter and form pores (stoma) in leaves
  • Cuticle: Waxy substance: seal epidermis from H2O loss
  • Periderm: cells that replace epidermis in “woody” plants
35
Q

2) Vascular tissues:

A
  • xylem: water conducting: dead at maturity
  • phloem: sap conducting: living
  • stele: vascular cylinders (xylem and phloem bundled together)
36
Q

3) Ground tissue:

A
  • cells that are not dermal or vascular
  • Pith: ground tissue internal relative to vascular cylinders
  • Cortex: ground tissue external relative to vascular cylinders
37
Q

Ground tissue cells

A

1) Parenchyma
2) Collenchyma
3) Sclerenchyma

38
Q

Parenchyma

A

most common, most plant metabolism occurs

  • thin walls
  • somewhat flexible
39
Q

Collenchyma

A
  • Thicker cell walls
  • less flexible
  • support, structural role in young green parts of plants
40
Q

Sclerenchyma

A
  • thick cell walls
  • reinforced with lignin: makes cells harder
  • support non-growing parts of plant
  • can be arranged as fibers, seeds
41
Q

Meristems

A
  • perpetually embryonic
  • mitotically active
    a) apical: contribute to vertical growth
    b) axillary
    c) lateral: 2 types
    1) vascular cambium: 2nd xylem and 2nd phloem
    2) cork cambium: contributes to bark
42
Q

Root Cap

A

pushes soil out of the way

“passive” diggers

43
Q

Primary Growth

A

elongation
apical meristems
@ root
@ stem apex

44
Q

Secondary Growth

A

increase in diameter @ root and stem

- vascular and cork cambiums

45
Q

How do trees get water from the ground to their leaves?

A

Transpirational pull

Transpiration: flow of H2O from roots through leaf stoma to atmosphere

General Biology II E4 (8 decks)

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