Ch. 35-40 Summary

Question 1

35. The perfect middle participle adds the suffix -āna- (plus a-/ā-stem case endings) to the weak
    perfect stem:

Answer 1

√युध् ‘to fight’ –› weak Perf stem युयुध्- –› Perf Mid Ptc युयुधान- ‘having fought’
√युज् (in the middle voice) ‘to link oneself, marry’ –› weak Perf stem युयुज्-
–› Perf Mid Ptc युयुजान- ‘having got married’

Question 2

35. COMPARATIVES IN -(Ī)YAS- The regular comparative suffix -tara- was introduced in Chapter 9. Some adjectives also use the
    suffix -yas- (or its alternative -(ī)yas-) to form their comparatives, and a small number use this
    suffix exclusively.

Answer 2

Thus प्रिय- ‘dear’ has a comparative प्रेयांस्- (with corresponding superla-
tive प्रेष्ठ-), गुरु- ‘heavy; respectable’ has a comparative गरीयांस्-; the comparative that goes with the
already introduced श्रेष्ठ- ‘best’ is श्रेयांस्- ‘better, superior’.

Question 3

36. The participle construction commonly referred to as the locative absolute consists of a noun or
    pronoun and a participle that both stand in the locative case.

Answer 3

It is best translated into English as a
temporal clause (introduced by ‘when’, ‘while’ or ‘after’), with the noun functioning as the subject
and the participle as the main verb.

Question 4

36. एन

Answer 4

‘this’ is a demonstrative pronoun used only when there is no emphasis on that which the pro-
noun refers to.

Question 5

38. The aorist is another past tense. While originally the three past tenses – imperfect, perfect and aorist

Answer 5

Its most regular use is after मा to express prohibitions, i.e. negated commands
Aorist indicatives of all types use the augment a- and secondary endings (i.e. those
also found in the imperfect).

Question 6

38. root aorist

Answer 6

augment and endings (1st Sg -am) are added to the root, which in different
verbs stands in different grades. It is limited to √भू and verbs ending in -ā.

Question 7

38. The a-aorist

Answer 7

adds augment and endings to a zero-grade root followed by -a-. Among aorist
formations, this one is rather frequent.

Question 8

38. The reduplicated aorist

Answer 8

reduplicates the root-initial consonant according to the known patterns, and vowels as follows: i is reduplicated as i/ī, u as u/ū, and a and ṛ as either i/ī or, more rarely, a/ā. (If the root syllable is light (i.e. contains a short vowel followed by no more than one consonant), the reduplicative vowel typically is long; if the root syllable is heavy, the reduplicative vowel typically is short.) The root itself stands in guṇa or zero grade, and an -a- is added onto it. This aorist is usually formed of derived verbs (such as causatives).

Question 9

38. The s-aorist

Answer 9

adds -s- onto the root. If the root ends in a vowel, it usually stands in vṛddhi in the active, and in zero grade in the middle (yet roots ending in -ī/-ū stand in guṇa). If it ends in a consonant, it has vṛddhi in the active, and zero grade in the middle.

Question 10

38. iṣ-aorist

Answer 10

-iṣ- is added onto the root. If the root ends in a vowel, it stands in vṛddhi in the active, and guṇa in the middle. If it ends in a consonant, it stands in guṇa throughout.

Question 11

38. siṣ-aorist

Answer 11

adds -siṣ- to the root in guṇa.

Question 12

38. The sa-aorist

Answer 12

which is also rather infrequent, adds -sa- to the root in zero grade.

Question 13

38. One way in which Sanskrit expresses negated commands (or ‘prohibitions’) is by means of मा +
    unaugmented aorist

Answer 13

Thus, मा भूः means ‘don’t be’ (unaugmented root aorist of √भू); मा शुचः means ‘don’t mourn’ (unaugmented a-aorist of √शुच्). On other ways of forming negated commands

Question 14

40. गो- ‘bull; cow’

Answer 14

vṛddhi गौ-; guṇa गो-

Question 15

40. द्यो- ‘sky’

Answer 15

(vṛddhi द्यौ-); (guṇa द्यो-/ द्यव्-)

Question 16

40. पथ्- ‘path’

Answer 16

guṇa root plus -ān-: पन्थान्-; zero-grade root

Question 17

40: पुम्स्- ‘man’

Answer 17

पुमांस्-; पुंस्-, पुम्- before vowels