Ch. 19-24 Summary Flashcards
- Athematic Potential
Athematic verbs do not have the potential marker -e- that we know from thematic verbs. Instead, the suffix -yā- is added to the weak stem, giving -yām, -yāḥ etc.; but note that the 3rd Pl ending is -yuḥ.
- सः/तद्- ‘he, she, it; this’
Memorise the Sg with special care. Noteworthy forms: NomAcc Sg Ntr तत्; Loc Sg तस्मिन्; InstrDatAbl Du ताभ्याम् (long tā- even in the Masc/Ntr); Nom Pl ते, Gen Pl तेषाम्.
- अयम्/इदम्- ‘this, that’
Instr Sg anena/anayā, GenLoc Du anayoḥ;
Instr Pl Masc ebhiḥ.
- THE FUTURE TENSE लृट् (लकार)
It does not use the present stem (as present and imperfect did), but is formed by means of:
– a verbal root in guṇa
– the future marker -sya- or -iṣya-
– primary endings (i.e. the same endings as those used in the present tense).
- Middle voice आत्मनेपद
Recognisable: frequent final -e. Many parallels to active endings. Uses same stem as active. Athematic verbs only use weak stem.
- Passive voice कमर्िण प्रयोग
Distinct forms only in present: Zero-grade root + -ya- + middle endings. Elsewhere identical to middle.
- Future tense लृट् (लकार)
Guṇa root + -sya-/-iṣya- + active or middle
endings.
- present middle participle of a verb is formed by taking the present stem and adding the suffix
-māna- in the case of a thematic verb, or the weak present stem and adding -āna- in the case of an athematic verb. Present middle participles decline as regular a-/ā-stems.
√द्युत् ‘to shine’ (Class I Mid), present stem द्योत- –› द्योतमान- ‘shining’ (-मानः (Masc), -माना (Fem), मानम् (Ntr)) √भुज् ‘to enjoy’ (Class VII), weak present stem भुञ्ज्- –› भुञ्जान- ‘enjoying’
present passive participle is formed by adding the middle suffix to the passive stem (root in zero grade (with possible changes) + -ya-)
√नी ‘to lead’ –› नीयमान- ‘being led’
√ईक्ष् ‘to see’ –› ईक्ष्यमान- ‘being seen’
√श्रु ‘to listen, hear’ –› श्रूयमान- ‘being listened to, heard’
√दा ‘to give’ –› दीयमान- ‘being given’
- Sanskrit relative clauses have the same function as their English counterparts. Yet there are three formal differences:
1) The head noun is frequently included in the relative clause itself, and the relative clause as a
whole may precede the main clause.
2) The relative pronoun य- (in any of its forms) is usually picked up by a form of the demonstrative
pronoun सः/तद्- ‘he, this one’ etc. in the main clause.
3) The relative and demonstrative pronouns do not need to stand at the beginning of their clauses.
- INDEFINITES
An indefinite pronoun is used to refer not to a specific thing or individual, but to someone or
something in general
कः ‘who?’ –› e.g. कश्चित् or को ऽपि ‘someone; whoever’
कस्य ‘whose?’ –› e.g. कस्य चन ‘someone’s; whoever’s’
कदा ‘when?’ –› e.g. कदा चित् ‘at some time; sometimes’
- IMPERATIVES लोट् (लकार)
Used for commands and requests. Partly = imperfect forms without augments
गच्छ thus simply is ‘go!’.
- उत्तिष्ठ
‘stand up!’
- युध्यस्व
‘fight!’
- ब्रूहि
‘speak!’
