Ch. 26-34 Summary

Question 1

27. Perfect forms consist of three elements:

Answer 1

a) a reduplicative syllable
b) the verbal root in strong or weak form
c) a special perfect ending

Question 2

30. Middle imperfect indicatives and present potentials are also formed from the present tense stem,
    and, again,

Answer 2

the imperfect is marked by the augment a- added before the verbal stem, while the
potential marker -e-

Question 3

32. The short forms, so-called enclitics

Answer 3

listed after some cases (मे, नः etc.) are unstressed alternatives, used whenever no particular emphasis lies on a pronoun.

Question 4

33. desiderative verbs, adjectives and nouns

Answer 4

Just as a causative verb denotes ‘to cause
(someone) to do something’, a desiderative verb expresses ‘to desire/want to do something’.

Question 5

32. ईप्सति

Answer 5

‘wants to get’ or simply ‘wants’ from √आप् ‘to reach, obtain, get’

Question 6

32. दित्सति

Answer 6

‘wants to give’ from √दा ‘to give’

Question 7

32. धित्सति

Answer 7

‘wants to put’ from √धा ‘to put’

Question 8

32. Gerundives, like participles, are adjectives formed from verbal stems
    They express the notion of
    ‘passive necessity’:

Answer 8

the gerundive of to do means ‘having to be done’, the gerundive of to eat, ‘having to be eaten’, and so on
a) the verbal root, often in guṇa, but both vṛddhi and zero grade are also found
b) one of the following suffixes: -ya- (-tya- after short vowels) or -tavya-; less frequently -anīya-
c) a case ending.

Question 9

34. THE PERIPHRASTIC PERFECT
    1) ‘derived’ verbs, such as causatives (and by extension also some Class X verbs) and desideratives
    2) some verbs with an initial long vowel.

Answer 9

The periphrastic perfect is formed as follows:
1) by taking the present stem, e.g. causative भारय- or ईक्ष-
2) adding -ām to give e.g. भारयाम् or ईक्षाम्
3a) for active forms, adding the required form of the perfect of √अस् ‘to be’ or, more rarely, √भू ‘to
be’ or √कृ ‘to do’:

Question 10

34. √भृ ‘to carry’

Answer 10

–›भारयामास ‘I caused (someone) to carry’ (आस = 1st Sg Perf of √अस्)
–›भारयामासिम ‘we caused (someone) to carry’ (आसिम = 1st Pl Perf of
√अस्)

Question 11

34. √ईक्ष् ‘to see’

Answer 11

–› ईक्षामासतुः ‘the two of them saw’

Question 12

34. √आस् ‘to sit’

Answer 12

–› आसां चकार ‘he sat’

Question 13

34. √आस् ‘to sit’

Answer 13

–› आसां चक्रे ‘I/he sat’
–› आसां चक्रिरे ‘they sat’

Question 14

34. Most verbs form their past participle by adding -ta. A few verbs add -na instead. The meaning of
    both formations is identical.

Answer 14

Most of the roots taking -na end in -d (most frequent of these: √सद् ‘to sit’ –› सन्न- ‘having sat’, and thus ‘seated’, -ṛ, which then becomes -īr or -ūr (√स्तॄ ‘to strew, scatter’ –› स्तीर्ण- ‘(having been) scattered’, √तॄ
more rarely -ā, -i or -u (frequent among these: √क्षि ‘to destroy’ –› क्षीण-, alternative to क्षित- ‘hav-
ing been destroyed’)