Ch. 12-18 Summary Flashcards
- imperfect लङ् (लकार)
is marked with an augment, the vowel a- at
the beginning of each form. This is a marker of ‘pastness’
- potential िलङ् (लकार)
marked by the vowel -e- that appears directly before the ending
- Karmadhārayas (Descriptive determinative:
‘a Y that is X/like X’)
महा-राज- ‘a king who is great’ –› ‘great king, maharaja’ (महा- ‘great’, राज- ‘king’); राज-ऋषि- ‘a king-seer’, a king-like/royal seer (राज- ‘king’, ऋषि- ‘seer, sage’); प्रिय-सख- ‘dear-friend’ (प्रिय- ‘dear’, सख- ‘friend’); मेघ-श्याम- ‘a black like a cloud(’s)’ –› ‘black as a cloud’ (मेघ- ‘cloud’, श्याम- ‘dark, black’);
- Tatpuruṣas (Dependent determinative)
देव-पति- ‘chief god, lord of the gods’ (देव- ‘god’, पति- ‘master, lord’); सखी-गण- ‘group (गण-) of girlfriends (सखी-)’; अश्व-कोविद- ‘horse-knowing’ –› ‘knowledgeable about horses’ (कोविद- ‘knowledge-
able’); वेद-विद्- ‘Veda-knowing’ (√विद् ‘to know’).
- Aluksamāsas:
परं-तप- ‘enemy- burner, enemy-killer’ (परं- Acc Sg of पर- ‘enemy, other’, तप- ‘burning’); युधि-ष्ठिर- ‘in battle-steady’ –› ‘steadfast in battle’ (युधि- Loc Sg of युध्- ‘battle’, स्थिर- ‘solid, firm’ (with s –› ṣ according to ruki)).
- Bahuvrīhi (Possessive:
‘whose Y is X’)
Adjective महा-मुख- ‘big-mouthed’, someone whose mouth is big
Participle नत-मुख- ‘bent-faced’, someone whose face is bent down, i.e. who is looking down
Noun अश्व-मुख- ‘horse-faced’, someone whose face is a horse’s/horse- like
Preposition/Preverb प्रति-मुख- ‘towards-faced’, i.e. someone whose face is (turned) towards something –› simply ‘facing’
Numeral चतुर्-मुख- ‘four-faced’, someone whose faces are four/who has four faces (the god Brahmā)
Other अ-मुख- ‘un-mouthed’, something ‘whose mouth is not’, i.e. which has no mouth, is mouthless
- Dvandvas (Co-ordinative: ‘X and Y’), or coordinative compounds, combine members that would otherwise be linked with ‘and’
instead of saying सूर्यः चन्द्रः च ‘sun and moon’, Sanskrit can say सूर्य-चन्द्रौ ‘sun-moon’ (notice the dual ending of this word, indicating that this one compound refers to two things); instead of
speaking of पुत्राः पौत्राः च ‘children and grandchildren’, Sanskrit can simply say पुत्र-पौत्राः.
- VERB-FINAL TATPURUṢAS
यज्ञ-भुज्- ‘enjoying the sacrifice’
वेद-विद्- ‘knowing the Vedas’
सु-श्रुत्- ‘hearing well’
रथ-स्थ- ‘standing on a chariot’
- tva- is added not to verbal roots but to nouns and adjectives, and is loosely equivalent to the English suffixes -ness, -dom or -hood
denoting ‘the state of being x’. Thus नरत्व- means ‘being a नर-, manhood, humanity’; देवत्व- is ‘divinity’, the state of being a god (but can refer to a specific entity, just as English deity does)
- tā- It is added to adjectives and nouns
to form abstracts
Thus we find e.g. प्रियता- ‘dearness, being dear’, मर्त्यता- ‘mortality’, मित्रता- ‘friendship’, पुरुषता- ‘manhood, manliness’, देवता- once again with a double meaning of ‘divinity; deity, god’, and so on. -tā- abstracts are feminine.
- VṚDDHI DERIVATIVES- derived from other nouns by putting the first vowel of the word into
vṛddhi.
have the meaning of ‘belonging to (the basic noun)’. Thus from पुर- ‘city’ we get पौर- (m.) ‘someone belonging to a city’, i.e. a citizen.
- -a-
Forms nouns and adjectives from verbal roots, which usually stand in guṇa: वेद- ‘knowledge’ from √विद् ‘to know’
- -ana-
Added to verbal roots, usually in guṇa; used to form adjectives and neuter nouns: वचन- (n.) ‘word, speech’, वचन- (Adj) ‘speaking’ from √वच् ‘to speak’
- -tra-
used to form neuter instrument nouns
पत्त्र- ‘wing’ from √पत् ‘to fly’
- -ya-
used in vṛddhi formations or on its own, often forms adjectives from nouns: मुख्य- ‘main’ from मुख- ‘head’
