Ch 3 Qualitative Research Design And Data Collection Flashcards
The type of data we collect for qualitative study need to be ..?
Naturalistic
Define naturalistic data
The data must not be coded, summarised, categorise or otherwise reduced at the point of collection.
In reality is data reduction possible?
No as even a video recording of an interview constitutes a transformation of the real life act. nevertheless qualitative collection methods are designed to minimise data reduction.
At what point can I research up begin to reduce the data?bearing in mind that even here they need to be very careful about what they leave out
Data analysis phase of the research
Define validity
The extent to which our research describes, measures, or explains what it aims to describe, measure, or explain.
Define validity
The extent to which our research describes, measures, or explains what it aims to describe, measure, or explain.
What advantage does qualitative research have in terms of validity over quantitative research?
As a result of the flexibility and openness qualitative research methods provide the space for validity issues to be addressed during the research itself.
Validity:
Finish this sentence. First, qualitative data collection techniques aim to ensure that participants are….
Free to question and if necessary correct the research is assumption about the meanings investigated by the research.
Validity:
Finish this sentence. Second March qualitative data collection and some cases also analysis takes place…..
In real life settings such as workplaces or youth clubs. as a result there is no need to extrapolate from an artificial setting such a laboratory to the real world, which means that such qualitative studies have high ecological validity.
Validity:
Finish this sentence. Third, reflexivity and shows that the research process as a whole is…..
Scrutinised throughout and the researcher continuously reviews he or her own well in the research this discourages impositions of the research and promotes validity.
There is disagreement among qualitative researchers about the extent to which reliability or to be a concern for qualitative research. What is this disagreement?
Some qualitative researches emphasise that qualitative research methods if applied appropriately and vigourously or generate reliable results just like the aim of quantitative research. however other qualitative research are less concerned with light with reliability. This is because qualitative research explores a particularly unique phenomenon or experience in great detail. It does not aim to measure a particular attribute in large numbers of people.
In terms of representativeness and generalising findings to the general population, is it a problem that qualitative studies do not work with representative samples?
This Depend at least in part on the research question The study is designed to answer. If the study is a case study , representativeness is not an issue. however, if the study aims to explore a phenomenon that is relevant to more people than actually involved in the study, representativeness can be an issue.
Finish this sentence. Developing theories is one way of enabling findings to be generalised. For example, a qualitative researcher who examines the experiences of a small number of individuals in depth can develop….
A theoretical understanding of those experiences by identifying relevant concepts and mechanisms which account for the experiences.
Another way of attempting to solve the problem of generalised ability is through accumulative techniques. Within a study techniques ensure that a particular observation made iin one context is checked against related observations in other contacts in case of more generalised or overarching category maybe identified what are three techniques that qualitative researchers can use to maximise the relevance and transferability of qualitative research findings beyond the immediate contacts within which they are generated?
Systematic literature reviews
Concept analysis
Metasyntheses
What are the general principles of qualitative research design?
Naturalistic (the type of data)
Validity
Reliability
Representativeness (generalisability)
Finish this sentence. Qualitative research acknowledges that the research are influences and shapes the research process, both. …
As a person (personal reflexivity) and as a theorist /thinker (epistemological reflexivity).
Finish the sentence. Reflexivity is important in qualitative research because it encourages us to foreground and reflect upon…
The way in which the person of the researcher is implicated in the research and its findings.
Reflexivity means more than acknowledging personal biases reflexivity invites us to think about ….
How our own reactions to the research context and the data actually make possible certain insights and understandings.
It can be helpful to explore once relationship with #1’s research topic by conducting reflective interviewing with a help of a fellow researcher that you can reflect on include:
1: Why this topic? why this research question?
2: what do you expect to find out?
3: what do you hope to find out?
4: what are you afraid to find out?
5: what would disappoint you?
6; how are you implicated in the research? What is your personal relationship with the topic?
7: what is your emotional investment in the research? Why how does it matter to you?
8: who are you doing This research for?
9: what kind of model of the person underpins your research Question?
10: what must the world be like for your research question to be meaningful and worthwhile?
11; how might your answers to questions 1 to 10 shape your engagement in the research?
12: how might the research change you? Has it already changed you?
The same basic ethical considerations apply to the treatment of participants in both qualitative and quantitative research. The five basic principles are.
Informed consent
No deception
Right to withdraw
Debriefing
Confidentiality
In terms of ethics describe informed consent
The recess show should ensure the participants are fully informed about the research procedure and give their consent to participate in the research before data collection takes place
In terms of ethical considerations describe no deception
Deception of participants should be avoided or together. The only justification for deception is when there is no other way to answer the research question and the potential benefit of the research far exceeds any risk to the participants.
In terms of ethical considerations describe right to withdraw
The research should ensure the participants feel free to withdraw from the participation in the study without fear of being penalised
In terms of ethical considerations describe debriefing
The researcher should ensure that , after data collection, participants are informed about the full aim of the research. Ideally they should also have access to any publications arising from the study they took part in.
In terms of ethical considerations describe confidentiality
The researcher should maintain complete confidentiality regarding any information about participants acquired during the research process
Finish this sentence. In terms of ethics, researchers should protect their participants from any harm or loss and they should aim ..
To preserve the psychological well-being and dignity at all times.
Brinkmann and Kvale caution against the practice of ethics is rule following their suggested ethical issues and concerns cannot be addressed and solved once and for all during the planning stages of research rather ethical dilemmas will surface throughout the research process requiring the researcher to remain ethically attuned throughout. This is useful as ethical challenges can arise due to the open ended explored exploratory nature of such research. What are some of the challenges that may arise?
How can we obtain informed consent for a study whose direction and remit is likely to change during the research process?
How can we guarantee confidentiality in a case study of one exceptional individual?
What happens if criminal behaviour comes to light during a confidential interview?
In terms of ethical considerations, power relations between researchers and participants are perhaps more subtle. Thinking about the close person of relationship between research and participants, provide an example of this power relation
When the researcher fakes friendship in order to obtain information
A hypothesis is a claim derived from existing theory which can be tested against empirical evidence. Can be rejected or retained. A Research question in qualitative research by contrast is?
Open ended that is it cannot be answered as a simple yes or no a research question cause for an answer that provides detailed descriptions and where possible also explanations of a phenomenon.
What does the following statement refer to? Could be argued that one of the outcomes of qualitative research should be an understanding of what would have been an appropriate research question to ask in the first place!
The fact that qualitative research questions are always provisional because the researcher may find that the very concepts and terminology used in the research question are in fact not appropriate or relevant to the participants experiences. Asking the wrong question undermine the validity of the findings qualitative research. Qualitative research is open to the possibility that the research question may have to change during the research process.
Finish the sentence. Strictly speaking there are no right or wrong methods. Rather methods of data collection and analysis can be more or less appropriate to our research question. The important thing is to select method that …
Are able to generate data which will help us to answer our research questions
What is the most widely used method of data collection and included research and psychology?
Semi structured interviewing
What are some reasons why the semi structure interview is a the most widely method of data collection and qualitative research and psychology?
Partly because interview data can be analysed in a variety of ways? which means that semi structured interviewing is a method of collection that is compatible with several methods of data analysis.
Another reason is for the ease at which they can be arranged.
Semi structured interviewing requires careful preparation and planning. What does the researcher need to think about?
Who to interview and Why
How to recruit participants
How to record and transcribe the interview
What style of interviewing to use
What to ask participants
Finish the sentence. Semi structured interview provides an opportunity for the researcher to hear the participant talk about a particular aspect of their life or the questions asked by the research are function as …
Triggers that encourage the participant to talk.
To encourage the participants to speak freely and openly and maximise their own understanding of what is been communicated in the interview research as are advised to consider the possible effects of?
Their own social identities, i.e. gender social class ethnicity, nationality, age etc on the interviewee
Every such it should familiarise themselves with the participants cultural milieu and the status of the interview within this milieu. For example?
A middle-aged professional may be more comfortable with a formal interview than an unemployed use because in the letters experience such interviews may be associated with administrative stress and judgemental assessments. The researcher needs to know what the interview means to their interviewee to fully understand the interview is contribution.
In semi structured interviewing the emphasis is on meaning rather than lexical comparability. What does this mean for the researcher?
The research needs to try to understand what the interviewing meant by what he or she said irrespective of how or she chose to say it.
In regards to semi structured interviewing, it is important to keep in mind that language is indexical. What does this mean?
That the meaning of words depends on the context within which they are spoken for example waiting for a long time probably refers to something like 20 minutes within the contacts or waiting for a bus where has the same expression use when talking about buying a house maybe months or even years.
Interview agenda for a semi structure interview consist of a relatively small number of open ended questions. Finish this sentence .It is a good idea to start with more…?
Public questions and move onto more personal matters when rapport has been established.
What is the normal duration of a semi structure interview?
Between 40 minutes and two hours.
Finish this sentence. a good way to obtain detailed and comprehensive accounts from interviewees is to express ignorance and naive interviewer encourages the interviewee to …
State the obvious and thus give voice to otherwise implicit assumptions and expectations
Another way to encourage interviewees to elaborate is to ask for illustrations of events or experiences. This is particularly helpful when abstract concepts or general opinions are being referred to for instance. Haven’t heard the interview. We say that people do not take him or her seriously what should the interview then ask?
For a concrete example of when he or she felt this way and how he was she dealt with it.
Another way of encouraging interview ways to reduce reach embed accounts is to use a stimulus. What kind of stimulus can be used?
Examples are a film clip a newspaper card or a photograph in order to stimulate and focus the discussion. Alternatively interviewees can be invited to bring along their own images or items of significance so they can talk about what these mean to them during the interview.
Spradley 1979 has produced a useful guide to formulate for different types of question. Name the four types.
Descriptive
Structural
Contrast
Evaluative
According to Spradley 1979, what is the purpose of descriptive questions?
They act to prompt the interviewee to provide a general account of “what happened” or “what is the case”.
According to Spradley 1979 descriptive questions ask for?
Biographical information e.g. what do you do for a living?
Anecdotes, e.g. what happened that day?
Life histories e.g how did you come to live in London?
And so on
According to Spradley, 1979 what is the purpose of structural questions?
Structural questions are about how the interviewee organises his or her knowledge. They prompted the interviewee to identify the categories and frameworks of meaning that they used to make sense of the world.
What are some examples of structural questions?
What does it mean to be an innocent victim of a crime?
How did you decide to have a HIV antibody test?
What is the purpose of contrast questions?
They allow the interviewee to make comparisons between events and experiences.
What are some examples of contrast questions?
Would you rather report a crime and run the risk of revenge, or keep quiet and safe from harassment?
Did you prefer working in the public or the private sector?
What is the purpose of evaluative questions?
Evaluative questions are about the intervieee’is feelings towards someone or something.
Evaluative questions can be either vague or more specific. Provide an example of each.
Vague: how do/did you feel about this?
Specific: did you feel afraid when you took the blood test?
It is important to ensure that that questions asked in the semester structured interview are actually meaningful to the participants. Use culture as an example to explain why this is important.
Not all questions make sense in all cultures. E.g hypothetical questions (such as what would you do if?) maybe considered unworthy of attention by some coaches that be problematic for others. The question we ask may presume a sense of agency on the part of the interview we whereas interviewees may not feel that they did have any agency.
If interview questions are mismatched and not meaningful to the participants, what type of responses may you get?
I don’t know? or I just did it? etc
If during the interview you discover that perhaps the questions are mismatched and assumed agency on part of the participant, what is a simple question you can ask to clarify?
Did you feel that you had a choice in the matter?
To be able to carry out a full analysis of the data being obtained from the interview, what is necessary?
It is necessary to audio or video record and transcribe the interview.
Most qualitative methods of analysis require that the material is transcribed how?
Verbatim or near verbatim.
True or false taking notes during the interview is a good substitute for a full recording?
False.
Provide some examples as to why not taking during the interview is a bad idea.
It distracts both the interviewee and interviewer.
It interferes with eye contact and non-verbal communication and does not encourage the development of rapport between interviewee and interviewer
Finish this sentence .There are different ways and we can interview can be transcribed. if we are interested in the subtleties of communicative interaction between interviewer and interviewee. We need to transcribe the words as well as….
The way in which they are spoken, including pauses, interruptions, volume of speech, intonation and so on.
If we are interested only in the contents of the interview we do not need to transcribe non linguistic features of speech. In this case, it is sufficient to transcribe what has been said (the words). What type of analysis would be appropriate here?
Grounded theory analysis
Participant observation; The participant observer needs to keep detailed notes of any observations made. some researchers find it helpful to think about observational notes in terms of their focus. Notes will include descriptions of Settings events and people as well as quotations and summaries of what people said. These types of notes are referred to as?
Substantive notes.
Participant observation: Another set of observational notes will be concerned with the process of observation itself. Such notes will reflect on the research as role in the research here or her relationship with the other participants and problems encountered in the field such as any difficulties associated with negotiation of roles. These types of notes are referred to as?
Methodological notes
Participant observation: In regards to observational notes, the researcher will finally wish to record emerging themes, connections patterns and so on. These constitute the beginning of data analysis and theory building. These types of notes are referred to as?
Analytical notes.
Participant observation: In regards to observational notes, the researcher will finally wish to record emerging themes, connections patterns and so on. These constitute the beginning of data analysis and theory building. These types of notes are referred to as?
Analytical notes.
Finish this sentence. Ethnography and action research are qualitative research methods which rely heavily on. …?
Participant observation.
Finish this sentence. Ethnography and action research are qualitative research methods which rely heavily on. …?
Participant observation.
The aim of ethnographic research is?
To obtain an inside of view of some aspects of peoples everyday lives by participating in those lives for a substantial period of time either overtly or covertly.
Finish this sentence. Ethnographic researchers tend to be interested in specific cultural practices and the meanings for those who take part in them they are concerned with what Griffin and Bengry-Howell describe as….
Cultural interpretation and with understanding the cultural and symbolic aspects of peoples actions and the context in which those actions occur.
Autoethnography is a version of ethnography where the focus of the research is?
The research is own experience.
Action research shares ethnographies interest in the live experience of its research participants. In addition action research requires that the researcher works with a research participants in order to bring about positive change in some aspects of that every day lives here. It is important to note?
The precise nature and direction of this change emerged from the work itself and is not predetermined by the researcher.
Diaries that why they use as a method of diet collection in psychological research, why is this??
Keeping the diary inevitably having an effect on participants daily routines and most probably also on the experiences.
The researcher were faced challenge of recruiting participants who were actually willing to keep a diary
Finish this sentence .Focus groups provide an alternative to semi structured interviewing. The focus group is really a group interview that…
Uses the interaction among participants as a source of data.
In a focus group setting, what is the researcher role?
The researcher takes on the role of moderator and their task it is is to introduce the group members to one another, to introduce the focus of the group e.g. a question or a stimulus such as a advert or photo and to gently steer the discussion.
What is the strength of the focus group as a method of data collection?
It’s ability to mobilise participants to respond to and comment on one other’s contributions. In this way statements are challenged,extended, to develop a qualified way to generate rich data for the research..
The data obtained from focus groups allows the researcher to address questions about?
The way in which attitudes may be formed and changed and about how participants jointly construct meanings the group provides evidence of the ways in which participants may justify their positions and how they may be persuaded by others to change their views
