Ch. 3 Prenatal Birth and the Newborn Baby

Question 1

Age of Viability

Answer 1

Point at which a FETUS can survive outside the womb on its own.
This begins at the beginning of the 3rd TRIMESTER between 22 and 26 weeks

Question 2

Anoxia

Answer 2

A birthing complication that causes inadequate oxygen supply during labor and delivery

Question 3

Apgar Scale

Answer 3

Assesses the baby s physical condition at birth from 0-2, with Zero being the worst condition and 2 being the best.

Question 4

Artificial insemination

Answer 4

Inserting sperm directly into the woman s uterus with a syringe

Question 5

Bidirectional Influences

Answer 5

This is a very important concept in the study of development. It says that the level of development in a baby is partially dependent upon the relationship that it has with its caregiver. Poor development can itself bring about an even worse outcome by irritating those who are expected to care for the developing baby.
For Ex. A baby who is particularly difficult to deal with or whose cries are particularly shrill, can create an offputting effect to their caregiver, causing the caregiver to be less caring and nurturing. As a result, the baby will not only suffer from their developmental issues, but those issues will be augmented in a negative way because the babies behavior pushes away the support mechanisms that it needs.

Question 6

Blastocyst

Answer 6

An early stage embryo made up of about 100 cells about 5-6 days after fertilization

Question 7

Brain placticity

Answer 7

The ability for the brain to change and adapt

Question 8

Breech Position

Answer 8

A Dangerous fetal position where the fetus is turned so that the buttocks or feet would be delivered first. If the doctor cannot get the fetue turned around, then a Cesarean Delivery may be necessary.

Question 9

Cesarean Delivery

Answer 9

A surgical birth where the doctor makes an incision in the mother s abdomen and lifts the baby out of the uterus.
This is done when a natural delivery puts the mother and/or fetus at risk, but is also often done electively to exert further control over the details of the delivery.

Question 10

Conception

Answer 10

The point at which the female sex cell (Ovum or egg) is fertilized by the male sex cell (Sperm)

Question 11

Embryo

Answer 11

Developing baby from weeks 2-8 (Foundations for all body structures are laid down)
Specialized layers of cells begin to form:
Ectoderm – develops into nervous system (including the neural tube, which is the primitive spinal cord) and skin
Mesoderm – develops muscle, skeleton, circulatory system and other internal organs
Endoderm – develops into lungs, digestive system, urinary tract, and glands

Question 12

Fertilization

Answer 12

Insemination of an ovum (egg) by a sperm

Question 13

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

Answer 13

Any range of developmental abnormalities caused by the Mother s consumption of alcohol during pregnancy:
3 Levels of severity:
Fetal Alcohol Syndrom – Most severe, usually associated with the largest continued consumption of alcohol
Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrom – Next most severe
Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder – usually displays cognitive (thinking) abnormatlities without the physical abnormalities associated with the prior two levels.

Question 14

Fetus

Answer 14

Developing baby from 8 weeks through remainder of pregnancy (dramatic growth and development)
Central nervous system becomes active – Further brain development

Question 15

Folic Acid

Answer 15

A key nutrient that all women of child-bearing years should take to greatly reduce certain potential abnormalities in early pregnancy – often before the woman even realizes she is pregnant.

Question 16

Gametes

Answer 16

Sex cells (sperm and ova)

Question 17

Germinal Period

Answer 17

The first Two weeks of Pregnancy from FERTILIZATION to IMPLANTATION of the BLASTOCYST in the UTERINE LINING. The PLACENTA and UMBILICAL CORD begin to form.

Question 18

Gestation

Answer 18

Period from conception to birth (280 days)-within hours of conception, sperm and egg create zygote

Question 19

Gestation Periods

Answer 19

Germinal Period – First 2 weeks of pregnancy (Fertilization to Implantation)
Embryo Period – Weeks 2-8 (Foundations for all body structures are laid down)
Fetus Period – From 8 weeks through remainder of pregnancy (dramatic growth and development)

Question 20

Implantation

Answer 20

When the zygote (fertilized ovum/egg) embeds in the uterus s nutrient-rich lining like roots of a growing plant into soil

Question 21

In vitro fertilization IVF

Answer 21

When a woman takes fertility drugs so her body releases more than one egg, her ova are surgically removed at ovulation, and then mixed with her partners sperm in a lab dish and put back into her

Question 22

Infant Mortality

Answer 22

Number of deaths in hte first year of life per 1,000 live births
BIGGEST REASONS: Physical defects and low birth weight, which is largely preventable.

Question 23

Insemination

Answer 23

FERTILIZATION of the ovum (Female Gamete or sex cell) by the sperm (Male Gamete or sex cell)

Question 24

Interventions for Preterm babies

Answer 24

Stimulation in ICU

Parental Interaction

Question 25

Low birth weight

Answer 25

Below normal birthweight, most common in infants bor to poverty-stricken women, is a major cause of infant mortality

Question 26

Maternal Factors on Prenatal Development

Answer 26

More exercise and FITNESS
Better NUTRITION
BALANCED MIND (Minimize stress) – Stress produces the stress hormone cortizol in the mother, which can be transferred to the fetus causing it harm if sustained.
AGE – the Younger, the better, except NO EARLIER than adulthood. Adolecent pregnancies come with other risks.
Good fitness, nutrition, calmness, and reasonable youth (but not too young) are all key inputs by the mother for a healthy baby

Question 27

Medical Interventions in Childbirth

Answer 27

Fetal Monitors – track fetal heartbeat and breathing to ensure all is well
Analgesics (pain releivers) and Anesthetics – can prolong delivery and adversely affect newborn adjustment
Cesarean Deliver – offers control over the situation, but often used when not necessary. Longer recovery.

Question 28

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

Answer 28

Assesses newborn behavior – helps researchers understand individual and cultural differences in newborn behavior and can sometimes reveal the newborn s capacities.
Because parenting has such a strong influence on baby development, the assessment is often taken at birth and also a couple weeks after birth. The change in the assessment over this time is the best predictor of the baby s ability to recover from the stress of birth.

Question 29

Neural Tube

Answer 29

Primitive spinal cord – Foundation for the developing Nervous Sytem formed during the EMBRYO Period

Question 30

Newborn States of arousal

Answer 30

Newborns spend about 50% of their sleep time in REM sleep, an active form of sleep, which provides them with stimulation essential for central nervous system development

Question 31

Parent-Child Interaction (IMPORTANT)

Answer 31

The quality and quantity of the parent-child interaction is one of the most critical elements to development.
In any given situation, the HIGHER in quality of this interataction, the BETTER the child will adapt and develop.
Extensive parent-child physical contact substantially reduces crying in early months.
REASON: strong, high-quality parent-child interaction gives the necessary support and developmental needs for the growing child (and even the developing fetus) to effectively handle stress and act with resiliency.
Children who grow up without this bond, deal poorly with stress and react negatively, causing many developmental problems like aggression, reactivity, and depression.

Question 32

Phonology

Answer 32

Sounds must be produced and perceived

Question 33

Placenta

Answer 33

Support system that – via the umbilical cord – provides food and oxygen to the developing child and carries waste products away

Question 34

Preterm Infant

Answer 34

A Baby born before the full gestation period (38 weeks for humans) is complete.
Being born preterm (or prematurely) may not hinder development as long as it is NOT small-for-date, meaning that it is not underweight for other babies with the same gestation period.
Preterm babies are at risk for child abuse This is because they are typically born to lower socioeconomic households and are not as cute as full-term babies, meaning they don t get the same level of nurturing (That sounds incredibly cruel, but it is true)

Question 35

Reflexes (What are the reflexes babies are born with?)

Answer 35

Sucking and Rooting (when touching the edge of a baby s mouth makes it turn it s head toward the source)
Grip – known as Palmar Grasp
Stepping – instinctively pushes off with feet when they come up against an opposing surfac
Embracing – called moro

Question 36

REM vs. NREM sleep

Answer 36

R.E.M. (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep is associated with heightened brain activity during sleep, believed to be a time of processing information gleened in the past.
NREM (or NON Rapid Eye Movement) sleep is all other sleep.

Question 37

Rh Factor Incompatibility

Answer 37

Referring to blood type: An Rh-negative mother with an Rh-positive fetus can lead to oxygen deprivation, brain and heart damage, and infant death. Luckily, there is a vaccine to give to the mother before she can develop antibodies against the fetus blood type.

Question 38

Sensory Capacity (What senses are well developed in babies?)

Answer 38

Touch, taste, smell and sound are well-developed at birth.
Sensitive to pain
Prefer sweet tastes and smells
Orient toward odor of their own mother s lactating breast
Prefer to hear human speech and their mother s voice over any other sounds
Vision is the LEAST developed – blurry vision, attracted to bright lights, difficulty distinguishing color

Question 39

Small-for-date Infant

Answer 39

Even if a Baby is born prior to the normal 38 gestation period, it can develop normally as long as it s weight is normal for a fetus that has gestated for the given time.
I.e. If a baby is born prematurely – say at 33 weeks, it will have a much better chance for normal development if it s weight is normal for 33-weeks of gestation. If the weight is less than what would be normal for 33-weeks of gestation, then developmental issues are much more likely.

Question 40

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Answer 40

Refers to the financial resources available to a family. The HIGHER The socioeconomic status of a family/society, the BETTER developed the children will be on average.
REASONS:
Better Health Care
Better Nutrition
More Engaged and Higher Quality Parenting
Healthier parent-Child Interaction
Less poverty-associated stress
Better community interaction
Richer and more stimulative Environment
LOWER Socioeconomic Status families/societies will suffer greatly due to the lack of these things.

Question 41

Soothing a crying baby

Answer 41

Talk softly and play rythmic sounds
Offer a pacifier
massage baby s body
swaddle the baby (wrap snuggly in a light blanket)
Rock, swing, car ride, carriage ride – anything with a gentle swaying motion

Question 42

Stages of Childbirth

Answer 42

Stage 1) Dilation of Cervix – Contractions and thinning cervix
Stage 2) Delivery of Baby – Mother Feels urge to push baby out
Stage 3) Placenta is delivered

Question 43

Sudden Infant Death Syndrom

Answer 43

unexpected death, usually during the night, of infant younger than 1-year of age that remains largely unexplained.
Contributing factors are prenatal drug abuse, smoking household, dangerous baby sleep practices that may include fluffy bedding and allowing baby to sleep on its belly.
Ways to Decrease risks: Mother remain healthy throughout pregnancy with no drugs/alcohol, no smoking in the household, Baby sleeps on its back on a firm sleep platform/mattress, without blankets

Question 44

Surrogate mother

Answer 44

Woman who is impregnated with a male s sperm through artificial insemination or with the couples embryo through IVF

Question 45

Teratogens

Answer 45

Any environmental agent that causes damage durng the prenatal period. They include:
MEDICINES like tretinoin (acne medicine), and aspirin
ALCOHOL and TOBACCO
ILLEGAL DRUGS like heroin, cocaine and methadone
METALS like murcury and lead
DISEASES like HIV, AIDS, and Rubella
RADIATION and CHEMICALS like PCBs and Dioxins
The harm done by these teratogens depends on
1) the dose received or exposure to the mother
2) hereditary sensitivity to the teratogen
3) Age of the mother
4) Additional environmental impacts, like poor nutrition or medical care
Possible outcomes from exposure to these TERATOGENS include prematurity, physical defects, as well as a long list of tragic abnormalities

Question 46

Trimester

Answer 46

38 weeks of Pregnancy are broken up into 3 equal parts called TRIMESTERS

Question 47

Umbilical Cord

Answer 47

Connects the PLACENTA to the developing organism – Contains one large vein that delivers nutriens to the organism and two arteries that remove waste products.

Question 48

United States Baby Care

Answer 48

the USA, despite being the greatest country that has ever existed, does not rank well among developed nations in measures of underweight babies and infant mortality among other measures

Question 49

Zygote

Answer 49

The new cell created when the sperm and egg fuse

Question 50

Uterus

Answer 50

The womb; organ in which offspring are conceived and in which they gestate before birth.

Question 51

Kangaroo care

Answer 51

Holding a young infant skin-to-skin on a parent’s chest; often used with premature babies to help maintain body temperature, heart rate, and oxygen levels in blood.