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Organizational Behaviour > Ch. 3 Personality and Perception > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Personality and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Individual Differences

A

The way in which factors such as skills, abilities, personalities, perceptions, attitudes, values, and ethics differ from one individual to another.

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2
Q

Interactional Psychology

A

The psychological approach that emphasizes that in order to understand human behaviour, we must know something about the person and about the situation.

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3
Q

Abilities

A

Natural capacities that allow an individual to perform a particular task successfully.

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4
Q

Skills

A

Talents that have been acquired through deliberate and sustained effort.

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5
Q

G Factor

A

A measure of an individual’s general mental ability.

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6
Q

Personality

A

A relatively stable set of characteristics that influences an individual’s behaviour.

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7
Q

Traits

A

Distinguishing qualities or features of a person.

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8
Q

Core Self-evaluation

A

The positiveness of an individual’s self-concept; comprised of locus of control, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and neuroticism.

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9
Q

Locus of Control

A

An individual’s generalized belief about internal control (self-control) versus external control (control by the situation or by others).

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10
Q

General Self-efficacy

A

An individual’s general belief that they are capable of meeting job demands in a wide variety of situations.

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11
Q

Self-esteem

A

An individual’s general feeling of self-worth.

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12
Q

Self-monitoring

A

The extent to which people base their behaviour on cues from other people and situations.

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13
Q

Positive Affect

A

An individual’s tendency to accentuate the positive aspects of themselves, other people, and the world in general.

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14
Q

Negative Affect

A

An individual’s tendency to accentuate the negative aspects of themselves, other people, and the world in general.

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15
Q

Strong Situations

A

A situation that overwhelms the effects of individual personalities by providing strong cues for appropriate behaviour.

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16
Q

Projective Tests

A

A measure of personality that relies on an individual’s interpretation of an ambiguous or abstract image.

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17
Q

Behavioural Measures

A

A personality assessment that examines behaviour in a controlled environment.

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18
Q

Self-report Questionnaire

A

A personality assessment tool that analyzes an individual’s responses to a series of questions

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19
Q

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

A

A self-report questionnaire personality assessment tool.

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20
Q

Extraversion

A

A preference for interaction with other people.

21
Q

Introversion

A

A preference for spending time alone.

22
Q

Sensing

A

Gathering information through the five senses.

23
Q

Intuition

A

A preference for gathering information through associations and focusing on what “could be” rather than what actually is.

24
Q

Thinking

A

A preference for making decisions in a logical, objective fashion.

25
Q

Feeling

A

A preference for making decisions in a personal, value-oriented way.

26
Q

Judging

A

A preference for closure and completion in making decisions.

27
Q

Perceiving

A

A preference for exploring many alternatives and maintaining flexibility.

28
Q

Social Perception

A

The process of interpreting information about another person.

29
Q

Discounting Principle

A

The assumption that an individual’s behaviour is accounted for situational factors, not personality.

30
Q

Attribution Theory

A

The process used by individuals to explain the causes of their own behaviour and that of others.

31
Q

Consensus

A

An informational cue indicating the extent to which peers in the same situation behave in a similar fashion.

32
Q

Distinctiveness

A

An informational cue indicating the degree to which an individual behaves the same way in other situations.

33
Q

Consistency

A

An informational cue indicating the frequency of behaviour over time.

34
Q

Perceptual Screen

A

The psychological process that evaluates all input.

35
Q

Heuristics

A

Mental shortcuts, or information-processing “rules of thumb” to reduce information to manageable levels.

36
Q

Cognitive Biases

A

Mistakes in reasoning, evaluating, and remembering as a result of holding on to one’s preferences and beliefs.

37
Q

Implicit Bias

A

Biases that are subconscious or unrecognized.

38
Q

Selective Perception

A

The process of selecting information that supports one’s viewpoints while discounting information that threatens those views.

39
Q

Sterotype

A

A generalization about a group of people.

40
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

The tendency to make attributions to internal causes when focusing on someone else’s behaviour.

41
Q

Self-serving Bias

A

The tendency to attribute one’s own successes to internal causes and one’s failures to external causes.

42
Q

Projection

A

Overestimating the number of people who share our own beliefs, values, and behaviours.

43
Q

First-impression Error

A

The tendency to form lasting opinions about an individual based on initial perceptions.

44
Q

Halo Effect

A

When one aspect of a person is viewed positively, resulting in all aspects of that person being assumed positive.

45
Q

Recency Effect

A

The tendency to weigh recent events more than earlier events.

46
Q

Contrast Effect

A

The tendency to diminish or enhance the measure of one target through comparison with another recently observed target.

47
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecies

A

The situation in which our expectations about people affect our interaction with them in such a way that our expectations are fulfilled.

48
Q

Impression Management

A

The process by which individuals try to control the impressions others have of them.

Organizational Behaviour (4 decks)

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