ch. 3: neuroanatomy Flashcards
two main divisions of the nervous sytem
central and peripheral nervous system
What are the main components of the central nervous system?
The brain and spinal cord.
What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
Autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and somatic.
What directional term means “toward the nose”?
Roastral
What directional term means “toward the belly”?
Ventral
What directional term means toward the front/front end?
anterior
What directional term means toward the back/back end?
posterior
What directional term means toward the bottom of the body, or below?
inferior
What directional term means toward the top of the head/body, or above?
superior
What directional term means toward the middle/midline?
medial
What directional term means away from the middle/midline, toward the side?
lateral
What directional term means toward the tail/rear?
caudal
What directional term means toward the back?
dorsal
What directional term means on the same side?
ipsilateral
What directional term means on the opposite side?
contralateral
What directional term means on both sides?
bilateral
What is the role of the medulla in the hindbrain?
It controls breathing and heart rate
What happens when there is a lesion in the pons?
It can cause comas.
What is the main function of the cerebellum?
It regulates motor movement, balance, and coordination.
What two structures make up the diencephalon?
Thalamus and hypothalamus.
What is the function of the thalamus?
It acts as a relay station for almost all sensory information (except smell).
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
It controls autonomic mechanisms and is involved in hunger, body temperature, and stress responses.
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, and what causes it?
A condition caused by vitamin B deficiency, often due to chronic alcohol abuse, resulting in lesions in the thalamus and hypothalamus.
What is the main function of the basal ganglia?
It helps regulate voluntary movements.
What are the key structures of the limbic system?
Amygdala, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, mammillary body, and cingulate gyrus.
What is the primary role of the hippocampus?
Converting short-term memories to long-term storage.
What structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain?
The corpus callosum.
What is hydrocephalus, and what causes it?
A condition caused by damage or blockage in a ventricle, leading to ventricular ballooning and pressure on the brain.
What are the main lobes of the cerebrum?
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- temporal lobe
- occipital lobe
frontal lobe
motor functions, reasoning, problem-solving
parietal lobe
sensory information, spatial skills
temporal lobe
memory, emotion, hearing, facial processing
occipital lobe
vision
What are the three layers of the meninges from closest to the brain outward?
Pia (delicate), arachnoid, and dura (thickest and toughest)
