Ch 3 Learning and Memory Flashcards
Dishabituation
Recovery to a stimulus after habituation
Habituation
Decrease in response to a stimulus due to continuous exposure
Associative learning
pairing or associating between two stimuli
Classical conditioning
Takes advantage of instinctual responses to create relationships between two DIFFERENT stimuli
List what parts of conditioned response in pavlov’s dogs experiment
Unconditioned stimulus = food
unconditioned response = salivating
Neutral stimulus = bell
Conditioned stimulus = bell
conditioned response = salivation
The process of turning a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning can also be called…
acquisition
Extinction in classical conditioning is….
losing the conditioned stimulus
Generalization in classical conditioning
the stimulus of two are close enough to cause to produce a conditioned response
Discrimination is classical conditioning
one learns to distinguish between two closely related stimulli
Operant conditioning
Links voluntary behaviors to a consequent to alter the frequency of behavior
B.F Skinner is the father of ________ which is the theory that all….
behaviorism
behaviors are conditioned
Operant conditioning: Reinforcement
Both positive and negative…..
increasing the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
Negative reinforcers
EX:
remove the unpleasant part of stimulus to increase a behavior
taking aspirin
Escape learning
Increase a behavior to remove unpleasant stimulus
Avoidance learning
Increase behavior by preventing an unpleasant stimulus YET to happen
In operant conditioning Positive will ____ and negative will _____
add
remove
Positive punishment …
adds unpleasant consequence to behavior (to reduce behavior)
Negative punishment
Reduces a behavior by removing a stimulus/consequence when behavior is done.
Reinforcement schedules
Which is the most effective? What’s example?
List four
Variable-ratio (VR) because it will reinforce a behavior upon performances and variable performances
EX: gambling
Variable ratio
Fixed ratio
Variable interval
Fixed ratio
What is latent learning?
learning w/o reward but spontaneously shown once reward is given
What neurons are present that perform observational learning?
mirror neurons in frontal and parietal lobes
Encoding
process of putting new info into memory
Visual, semantic and auditory encoding. Which is strongest and weakest
Strongest is semantic
Weakest is visual
Method of Loci
Way of memorization in which you build on whats already memorized like walking through your own house.
Peg-word memorization
Rhyme with a number then associate with rhyme
Sensory memory last for
short period
Short term memory rules
7 + or - 2 items
Implicit memory is also called
nondeclarative or procedural memory
Explicit memory is aka
declarative memory
Implicit memory examples
skills and conditioned responses
Explicit memory
memories that require conscious recall
Implicit and explicit memory are both….
long term memory
explicit or declarative memory two types of memory
episodic memory - events/experiences
Semantic memory - facts concepts
semantic network
network within the brain that links similar ideas together
priming in semantic memory
Word or phrase thats close to a desired semantic memory
Difference between context effects and state dependent memories?
State dependent memory is based on emotions, how you feel.
Context effects are part of the physical location in which memorization took place.
Primacy/recency effect
Tend to remember first few first compared to last few of a sequence
Alzheimer’s disease is liked to loss of ______ in neurons that link to the ______. Alzheimers is seen with _____ of the brain
acetylcholine
hippocampus
atrophy
Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by ______ deficiency in the brain and is a form of memory loss. Disease includes both ____ ____ and ____ ____. Symptoms also include ________
thiamine
anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia
confabulation
Agnosia - definition
Cause
inability to recognize people, objects or sounds
multiple sclerosis or stroke
Interference memory loss
inability to retrieve information due to other similar information
Source amnesia
forgetting if it happened to you.
Ex: jeff and his stories
Neuroplasticity is one way of changing and another way is ____ ____
synaptic pruning
weak connections broken
