Ch 3: Evolution and Ecology Flashcards
In which of the following situations would the Hardy Weinberg principle not apply?
for a new population experiencing the founder effect
In the Hardy Weinberg equation, p represents __
frequency of the dominant allele
In the Hardy Weinberg equation, q represents __
frequency of the recessive allele
In the Hardy Weinberg equation, p2 represents?
frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype
In the Hardy Weinberg equation, q2 represents?
frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype
In the Hardy Weinberg equation, 2pq represents?
frequency of the heterozygous genotype
The transfer of alleles from one population to another when individuals enter or migrate from a population is known as __
gene flow
When the probability of a pair of individuals mating is not the same for all possible pairs of individuals in the population, this is known as __
non random mating
Female birds of the paradise are more likely to choose male mates displaying brightly colored plumage. This is an example of __
sexual selection
When closely related individuals mate and produce offspring, this is known as __
inbreeding
Outbreeding refers to __
mating between unrelated individuals
The effect of genetic drift tends to be greater in __
small populations
When a female chooses a mate based on superior physical characteristics this is known as __
sexual selection
Which of the following is the type of natural selection where members of the same sex in a population compete for mates of the other sex?
sexual selection
Which of the following is the type of natural selection where the extreme traits are selected for an the intermediate trait is elected against?
disruptive selection
Which of the following is the type of natural selection where the population mean falls around one extreme for a trait as the other extreme is selected against?
directional selection
Which of the following is the type of natural selection where the extremes of a trait are selected against the intermediate traits are selected for?
stabilizing selection
When rare phenotypes have a selection advantage, this an example of __
frequency dependent selection
Which type of selection occurs when humans selectively breed desirable traits?
artificial selection
When would a sub group of a population of organisms most commonly be considered a separate species?
when interbreeding with members of the original population results in interfile offspring
Adaptation within a species is known as
microevolution
Two closely related species of cricket occupy the same geographic location. One species reaches sexual maturity much later in the year than the other, and consequently the two species never interbreed. This is an example of __
temporal isolation
Which of the following describes the process of speciation occurring as a result of consistent gradual changes over time?
gradualism
Which of the following describes the process of speciation as occurring in short bursts of rapid change followed by static periods with little or now change?
punctuated equilibrium
Two closely related species of lizard occupy the same desert habitat. One species has an elaborate courtship dance while the other displays their neck frills to attract a mate. This prevents the two species from interbreeding. This is an example of __
behavioral isolation
The reproductive organs of snails will only align successfully during mating if they belong to the same species. This is an example of __
mechanical isolation
Two closely related bird species occupy the same geographic region, but one breeds in woodland areas and the other breeds in moorland areas. As a result the chance of the two species interbreeding is very low. This is an example of __
ecological isolation
Hybrid sterility is an example of __
postzygotic isolation
In a population of aphids, one group lives on a barley plant while another lives on a maize plant in the same field. Over time, the two groups diverge genetically and can no longer interbreed. This is an example is __
sympatric speciation
In a population of plants, one offspring plant spontaneously developed with a duplicate set of chromosomes. It could not successfully interbreed with other members of the same population and instead developed its own genetic lineage. This an example of speciation by __
polyploidy
A new island is discovered which is inhabited by 50 genetically diverse species of mammals. On examination, all were discovered to have evolved from a single species of canine that became isolated on the island after it broke away from the mainland. This is an example of __
adaptive radiation
The rapid evolution of multiple species from a common ancestor to different habitats is known as __
adaptive radiation
When two species share similar structures as a result of having adapted to a similar environment rather than due to having a common ancestor, these structures are known as __
analogous structures
The aardvark and anteater do not share a common ancestor having a long, sticky tongue; however, both have evolved long, sticky tongue that allow them to reach into insect habitats to consume them. This is an example of __
convergent evolution
In a phylogenetic tree, a group including a common ancestor and its descendent species is known as a __
clade
Shared traits between species that are derived from a common ancestor are known as __
synapomorphies
The evolutionary history of a species and its relationship to other species is known as __
phylogeny
Shared traits between species that are not derived from a common ancestor are known as __
analogous traits
When two species share a similar structure as a result of having evolved from a common ancestor, this is known as a __
homologous structure
Ecology is the study of __
relationships between living organisms and interaction with their environment
Which of the following describes how individuals within a population are distributed?
dispersion
Which of the following is the definition of the age structure of a population?
the abundance of individuals of each defined age group
The trend in mortality over different age groups within a population is illustrated by __
survivorship curves
A type I survivorship curve is characterized by __
high survival probability in earlier life and middle age in contrast with declining survival rates in later life
A type II survivorship curve is characterized by __
equal by unpredictable survival probability across age groups
A type III survivorship curve is characterized by __
low survival probability in early life with increasing survival rates in later life
Human populations would be expected to show __
type I survivorship
Which of the following describes the maximum number of individuals a species can produce within an ecosystem?
biotic potential
Which of the following does not influence biotic potential?
death rate
Which of the following describes the maximum number of individuals which can be sustained by a biological habitat?
carrying capacity
Which of the following is not a density dependent effect
natural disaster
Which of the following is not a characteristic of an r selected population?
slow rate of maturation
Which of the following describes a K selected population?
the population is approximately equal in size over time
Which of the following is characteristic of a population with a low intrinsic growth rate?
late age at maturity and small clutch size
Two or more different species of organism occupying the same geographical area is known as the __
community
The realized niche of a species will be most similar to its fundamental niche when __
resources are abundant
Two or more species using the same resources in a ecosystem is known as __
competition
Which of the following correctly defines Gause’s principle of competitive exclusion?
no two species can permanently coexist in the same habitat while competing for resources
Which of the following improves the ecological success of all the species involved?
resource partitioning
The evolution of two interacting species within a community - for example predator and prey is known as __
coevolution
Both bees and wasps display a black and yellow strip pattern and can deliver a venomous sting. This is an example of __
mullerian mimicry
Deadly coral snacks have vivid red and black striped scales which deter predators such as birds from attacking. The scarlett king snake is a harmless species which has a similar striped pattern to the coral snack. This is an example of __
batesian mimicry
Any close and lasting interaction between two different species living in the same habitat in which as least one of the individuals benefits is known as __
symbiosis
A symbiotic relationship between two species which is advantageous to one species and neutral to the other is known as __
commensalism
A symbiotic relationship between two specie which is advantageous to one species and harmful to the other is known as __
parasitism
Remora is a type suckerfish which is harmless to sharks. Remora attach to sharks and each discarded food and parasites from the shark while also receiving free transportation. This interaction is an example of __
commensalism
Which of the following symbiotic interactions is unlikely to limit population size?
commensalism
Which of the following is a type of parasitism which involves laying of eggs on the host?
parasitoid
The final stable community in an ecological succession is known as the __
climax community
A climax community establishing on a dried up lake is an example of __
secondary succession
The process by which ammonia is converted into nitrates by bacteria in the soil is known as __
nitrification
The percent composition of oxygen in air by volume is approximately __
20%
The percent composition of nitrogen in air by volume is approximately __
80%
Cyanobacteria obtain food using light energy through photosynthesis. They are classified as __
autotrophic prokaryotes
The primary source of energy is almost all ecosystems is __
sunlight
Which of the following is not an abiotic factor in an ecosystem?
algae
Organisms which produce complex organic molecules from simple carbon sources are __
autotrophs
Secondary consumers in a food chain may be __
carnivores or omnivores
Animals which consume both animals and plant matter are known as __
omnivores
Herbivorous organisms which feed an autotrophs are known as __
primary consumers
An organism which feeds on dead organic matter is known as __
detritivore
Organisms which can convert the sun’s energy into organic compounds are known as __
primary producers
Primary consumers in a food chain may be __
omnivores or herbivores
Which of the following shows the bioproductivity of trophic levels within an ecosystem?
ecological pyramid
Which of the following shows the sequence of energy transfer between trophic levels in an ecosystem?
food chain
The global ecosystem of the earth composed of all living organisms forms the __
biosphere
A community of plants and animals adapted to their specific climate is known as a __
biome
In a certain section of a lake, the rate of photosynthesis of phytoplankton is much higher than the rate of respiration. This zone is classified as the __
photic zone
The angler fish uses a bioluminescent fin ray to lure other fish in its dark habitat. Which zone of the ocean is the angler fish found?
aphotic zone
