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DAT > Ch 3: Evolution and Ecology > Flashcards

Ch 3: Evolution and Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

In which of the following situations would the Hardy Weinberg principle not apply?

A

for a new population experiencing the founder effect

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2
Q

In the Hardy Weinberg equation, p represents __

A

frequency of the dominant allele

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3
Q

In the Hardy Weinberg equation, q represents __

A

frequency of the recessive allele

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4
Q

In the Hardy Weinberg equation, p2 represents?

A

frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype

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5
Q

In the Hardy Weinberg equation, q2 represents?

A

frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype

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6
Q

In the Hardy Weinberg equation, 2pq represents?

A

frequency of the heterozygous genotype

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7
Q

The transfer of alleles from one population to another when individuals enter or migrate from a population is known as __

A

gene flow

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8
Q

When the probability of a pair of individuals mating is not the same for all possible pairs of individuals in the population, this is known as __

A

non random mating

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9
Q

Female birds of the paradise are more likely to choose male mates displaying brightly colored plumage. This is an example of __

A

sexual selection

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10
Q

When closely related individuals mate and produce offspring, this is known as __

A

inbreeding

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11
Q

Outbreeding refers to __

A

mating between unrelated individuals

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12
Q

The effect of genetic drift tends to be greater in __

A

small populations

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13
Q

When a female chooses a mate based on superior physical characteristics this is known as __

A

sexual selection

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14
Q

Which of the following is the type of natural selection where members of the same sex in a population compete for mates of the other sex?

A

sexual selection

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15
Q

Which of the following is the type of natural selection where the extreme traits are selected for an the intermediate trait is elected against?

A

disruptive selection

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16
Q

Which of the following is the type of natural selection where the population mean falls around one extreme for a trait as the other extreme is selected against?

A

directional selection

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17
Q

Which of the following is the type of natural selection where the extremes of a trait are selected against the intermediate traits are selected for?

A

stabilizing selection

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18
Q

When rare phenotypes have a selection advantage, this an example of __

A

frequency dependent selection

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19
Q

Which type of selection occurs when humans selectively breed desirable traits?

A

artificial selection

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20
Q

When would a sub group of a population of organisms most commonly be considered a separate species?

A

when interbreeding with members of the original population results in interfile offspring

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21
Q

Adaptation within a species is known as

A

microevolution

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22
Q

Two closely related species of cricket occupy the same geographic location. One species reaches sexual maturity much later in the year than the other, and consequently the two species never interbreed. This is an example of __

A

temporal isolation

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23
Q

Which of the following describes the process of speciation occurring as a result of consistent gradual changes over time?

A

gradualism

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24
Q

Which of the following describes the process of speciation as occurring in short bursts of rapid change followed by static periods with little or now change?

A

punctuated equilibrium

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25
Q

Two closely related species of lizard occupy the same desert habitat. One species has an elaborate courtship dance while the other displays their neck frills to attract a mate. This prevents the two species from interbreeding. This is an example of __

A

behavioral isolation

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26
Q

The reproductive organs of snails will only align successfully during mating if they belong to the same species. This is an example of __

A

mechanical isolation

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27
Q

Two closely related bird species occupy the same geographic region, but one breeds in woodland areas and the other breeds in moorland areas. As a result the chance of the two species interbreeding is very low. This is an example of __

A

ecological isolation

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28
Q

Hybrid sterility is an example of __

A

postzygotic isolation

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29
Q

In a population of aphids, one group lives on a barley plant while another lives on a maize plant in the same field. Over time, the two groups diverge genetically and can no longer interbreed. This is an example is __

A

sympatric speciation

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30
Q

In a population of plants, one offspring plant spontaneously developed with a duplicate set of chromosomes. It could not successfully interbreed with other members of the same population and instead developed its own genetic lineage. This an example of speciation by __

A

polyploidy

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31
Q

A new island is discovered which is inhabited by 50 genetically diverse species of mammals. On examination, all were discovered to have evolved from a single species of canine that became isolated on the island after it broke away from the mainland. This is an example of __

A

adaptive radiation

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32
Q

The rapid evolution of multiple species from a common ancestor to different habitats is known as __

A

adaptive radiation

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33
Q

When two species share similar structures as a result of having adapted to a similar environment rather than due to having a common ancestor, these structures are known as __

A

analogous structures

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34
Q

The aardvark and anteater do not share a common ancestor having a long, sticky tongue; however, both have evolved long, sticky tongue that allow them to reach into insect habitats to consume them. This is an example of __

A

convergent evolution

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35
Q

In a phylogenetic tree, a group including a common ancestor and its descendent species is known as a __

A

clade

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36
Q

Shared traits between species that are derived from a common ancestor are known as __

A

synapomorphies

37
Q

The evolutionary history of a species and its relationship to other species is known as __

A

phylogeny

38
Q

Shared traits between species that are not derived from a common ancestor are known as __

A

analogous traits

39
Q

When two species share a similar structure as a result of having evolved from a common ancestor, this is known as a __

A

homologous structure

40
Q

Ecology is the study of __

A

relationships between living organisms and interaction with their environment

41
Q

Which of the following describes how individuals within a population are distributed?

A

dispersion

42
Q

Which of the following is the definition of the age structure of a population?

A

the abundance of individuals of each defined age group

43
Q

The trend in mortality over different age groups within a population is illustrated by __

A

survivorship curves

44
Q

A type I survivorship curve is characterized by __

A

high survival probability in earlier life and middle age in contrast with declining survival rates in later life

45
Q

A type II survivorship curve is characterized by __

A

equal by unpredictable survival probability across age groups

46
Q

A type III survivorship curve is characterized by __

A

low survival probability in early life with increasing survival rates in later life

47
Q

Human populations would be expected to show __

A

type I survivorship

48
Q

Which of the following describes the maximum number of individuals a species can produce within an ecosystem?

A

biotic potential

49
Q

Which of the following does not influence biotic potential?

A

death rate

50
Q

Which of the following describes the maximum number of individuals which can be sustained by a biological habitat?

A

carrying capacity

51
Q

Which of the following is not a density dependent effect

A

natural disaster

52
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an r selected population?

A

slow rate of maturation

53
Q

Which of the following describes a K selected population?

A

the population is approximately equal in size over time

54
Q

Which of the following is characteristic of a population with a low intrinsic growth rate?

A

late age at maturity and small clutch size

55
Q

Two or more different species of organism occupying the same geographical area is known as the __

A

community

56
Q

The realized niche of a species will be most similar to its fundamental niche when __

A

resources are abundant

57
Q

Two or more species using the same resources in a ecosystem is known as __

A

competition

58
Q

Which of the following correctly defines Gause’s principle of competitive exclusion?

A

no two species can permanently coexist in the same habitat while competing for resources

59
Q

Which of the following improves the ecological success of all the species involved?

A

resource partitioning

60
Q

The evolution of two interacting species within a community - for example predator and prey is known as __

A

coevolution

61
Q

Both bees and wasps display a black and yellow strip pattern and can deliver a venomous sting. This is an example of __

A

mullerian mimicry

62
Q

Deadly coral snacks have vivid red and black striped scales which deter predators such as birds from attacking. The scarlett king snake is a harmless species which has a similar striped pattern to the coral snack. This is an example of __

A

batesian mimicry

63
Q

Any close and lasting interaction between two different species living in the same habitat in which as least one of the individuals benefits is known as __

A

symbiosis

64
Q

A symbiotic relationship between two species which is advantageous to one species and neutral to the other is known as __

A

commensalism

65
Q

A symbiotic relationship between two specie which is advantageous to one species and harmful to the other is known as __

A

parasitism

66
Q

Remora is a type suckerfish which is harmless to sharks. Remora attach to sharks and each discarded food and parasites from the shark while also receiving free transportation. This interaction is an example of __

A

commensalism

67
Q

Which of the following symbiotic interactions is unlikely to limit population size?

A

commensalism

68
Q

Which of the following is a type of parasitism which involves laying of eggs on the host?

A

parasitoid

69
Q

The final stable community in an ecological succession is known as the __

A

climax community

70
Q

A climax community establishing on a dried up lake is an example of __

A

secondary succession

71
Q

The process by which ammonia is converted into nitrates by bacteria in the soil is known as __

A

nitrification

72
Q

The percent composition of oxygen in air by volume is approximately __

A

20%

73
Q

The percent composition of nitrogen in air by volume is approximately __

A

80%

74
Q

Cyanobacteria obtain food using light energy through photosynthesis. They are classified as __

A

autotrophic prokaryotes

75
Q

The primary source of energy is almost all ecosystems is __

A

sunlight

76
Q

Which of the following is not an abiotic factor in an ecosystem?

A

algae

77
Q

Organisms which produce complex organic molecules from simple carbon sources are __

A

autotrophs

78
Q

Secondary consumers in a food chain may be __

A

carnivores or omnivores

79
Q

Animals which consume both animals and plant matter are known as __

A

omnivores

80
Q

Herbivorous organisms which feed an autotrophs are known as __

A

primary consumers

81
Q

An organism which feeds on dead organic matter is known as __

A

detritivore

82
Q

Organisms which can convert the sun’s energy into organic compounds are known as __

A

primary producers

83
Q

Primary consumers in a food chain may be __

A

omnivores or herbivores

84
Q

Which of the following shows the bioproductivity of trophic levels within an ecosystem?

A

ecological pyramid

85
Q

Which of the following shows the sequence of energy transfer between trophic levels in an ecosystem?

A

food chain

86
Q

The global ecosystem of the earth composed of all living organisms forms the __

A

biosphere

87
Q

A community of plants and animals adapted to their specific climate is known as a __

A

biome

88
Q

In a certain section of a lake, the rate of photosynthesis of phytoplankton is much higher than the rate of respiration. This zone is classified as the __

A

photic zone

89
Q

The angler fish uses a bioluminescent fin ray to lure other fish in its dark habitat. Which zone of the ocean is the angler fish found?

A

aphotic zone

DAT (4 decks)

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