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BIO 140 > Ch 3- Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Ch 3- Connective Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 basic components of connective tissues?

A
  1. Specialized cells
  2. Protein fibers
  3. Ground substance
    *2&3 make up the Matrix that surrounds the cells
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2
Q

What are the functions of connective tissues?

A
  1. Protection
    - Organs and from microorganisms
  2. Support- establish a structural framework for the body
  3. Connect tissues and structures
  4. Transport route
  5. Energy storage
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3
Q

What are the categories of connective tissue?

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Fluid connective tissue
  3. Supporting connective tissue
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4
Q

What are the types of connective tissue proper fibers?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Reticular
  3. Elastic
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5
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue proper?

A
  1. Loose
  2. Dense
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6
Q

What are the two types of fluid connective tissue?

A
  1. Blood
  2. Lymph
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7
Q

What are the two types of supporting connective tissue?

A
  1. Cartilage
  2. Bone
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8
Q

What kind of matrix do connective tissue proper have?

A

Syrupy matrix

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9
Q

What kind of matrix do fluid connective tissue have?

A

Watery matrix

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10
Q

What kind of matrix do supporting connective tissue have?

A

Gel or solid matrix

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11
Q

What are the two types of cells connective tissue proper have?

A
  1. Fixed cells
  2. Wandering cells
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12
Q

Which cells are fixed cells?

A
  1. Fibroblast- produce connective tissue fibers
  2. Fibrocyte- maintain connective tissue fibers and matrix
  3. Adipocyte- store lipid reserves
  4. Fixed macrophage- phagocytize pathogens and damaged cells
  5. Mesenchymal- connective tissue stem cells that can differentiate into other cell types
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13
Q

Which cells are wandering cells?

A
  1. Free macrophage- mobile/traveling phagocytic cells
  2. Mast cell- stimulates local inflammation
  3. Lymphocyte- participate in immune response
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14
Q

What is a fibroblast?

A

Most abundant; only cells always present; produce all connective tissue fibers; manufactures and secretes protein subunits that interact to form large extra cellular fibers and make the ground substance viscous

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15
Q

What is a fibrocyte?

A

Second most abundant fixed cell in CT proper; maintain the CT fibers of CT proper; if CT is injured it has the abilities to differentiate back into fibroblast that help repair the damaged tissue

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16
Q

What is an adipocyte?

A

Contain a single lipid droplet that occupies almost the entire cell, squeezing the nucleus and organelles to one side; # of adipocytes varies according to the type of CT, the region of the body, and the individual

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17
Q

What is a fixed macrophage?

A

Large, amoebic cells scattered among the CT fibers; they engulf damaged cells, dead cells, and pathogens that enter the tissue; when stimulated they release chemicals that attract wandering cells involved in the body’s defense mechanisms

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18
Q

What are mesenchymal cells?

A

These cells respond to local injury or infection by dividing to produce daughter cells that differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages, or other connective tissue cells

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19
Q

What are free macrophages?

A

Mobile/ traveling phagocytic cells (derived from monocytes of the blood)

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20
Q

What are mast cells?

A
  • Small, mobile connective tissue cells that are found near blood vessels
  • The cytoplasm is filled with secretory granules of histamine and heparin=> these chemicals are released after injury or infection and stimulate local inflammation
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21
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A
  • Multiply wherever tissue damage occurs and some then develop into plasma cells
  • Plasma cells produce antibodies, proteins that help defend the body against disease
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22
Q

Which connective tissue proper fiber is the strongest and most common?

A

Collagen

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23
Q

What type of fiber do tendons consist of? What do tendons connect?

A
  • Almost entirely of collagen fibers
  • Connect skeletal muscles to bones
24
Q

What type of fiber do ligaments consist of? What do ligaments connect?

A
  • Almost entirely of collagen fibers
  • Connect bone to bone, bone to cartilage, or cartilage to cartilage
25
Q

What are Loose connective tissues?

A

The “packing material” of the body
- Fill spaces between organs, provide cushioning, and support epithelia

26
Q

What are the three types of Loose connective tissues?

A
  1. Areolar
  2. Adipose
  3. Reticular
27
Q

Where is Areolar tissue located?

A
  • Within and deep to the dermis of skin and covered by the epithelial of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts
  • Between muscles
  • Around blood vessels, nerves, and joints
28
Q

What are the functions of Areolar tissue?

A
  • Cushions organs
  • Provides support but permits independent movement
  • Phagocytic cells provide defense against pathogens
29
Q

Where can Adipose tissue be located?

A
  • Deep to the skin, especially at sides, buttocks, and breasts
  • Padding around eyes and kidneys
30
Q

What are the functions of Adipose tissue?

A
  • Provides padding and cushions shocks
  • Insulates (reduces heat loss)
  • Stores energy
31
Q

Where is reticular tissue located?

A
  • Liver
  • Kidney
  • Spleen
  • Lymph nodes
  • Bone marrow
32
Q

What is the function of reticular tissue?

A

Provides supporting framework

33
Q

What is the dominant fiber in dense connective tissues?

A

Collagen fibers

34
Q

What are the types of dense connective tissues?

A
  1. Dense regular
  2. Dense irregular
  3. Elastic
35
Q

Where is dense regular CT located?

A
  • Between skeletal muscles and skeleton (tendons)
  • Between bones or stabilizing positions of internal organs (ligaments)
  • Covering skeletal muscles
  • Deep fasciae
36
Q

What are the functions of Dense regular connective tissue?

A
  • Provides firm attachment
  • Conducts pull of muscles
  • Reduces friction between muscles
  • Stabilizes relative positions of bones
37
Q

Where is Dense Irregular connective tissue located?

A
  • Capsules of visceral organs
  • Periostea and perichondria
  • Nerve and muscle sheaths
  • Dermis
38
Q

What are the functions of dense irregular connective tissue?

A
  • Provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions
  • Helps prevents over expansion of organs (ex- urinary bladder)
39
Q

Where is Elastic tissue located?

A
  • Between vertebrae of the spinal column
  • Ligaments supporting penis
  • Ligaments supporting transitional epithelia
  • In blood vessel walls
40
Q

What are the functions of Elastic tissue?

A
  • Stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis
  • Cushions shocks
  • Permits expansion and contraction of organs
41
Q

What does blood contain?

A
  • Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
42
Q

The extra cellular fluid of fluid connective tissue includes what three major subdivisions?

A
  1. Plasma
  2. Interstitial fluid
  3. Lymph
43
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

44
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Help protect the body against infection and disease

45
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Function in the clotting response that seals breaks in blood vessel walls

46
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrous
47
Q

What is perichondrium?

A

Separates cartilage from the surrounding tissues. Contains two distinct layers:
1. Fibrous layer- outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue. Provides mechanical support and protection and attaches the cartilage to other structures
2. Cellular layer- inner layer important for growth and maintenance of the cartilage

48
Q

Where is Hyaline cartilage found?

A
  • Between tips of ribs and bones of sternum
  • Covering bone surfaces at synovial joints
  • Supporting larynx, trachea, and bronchi
  • Forming part of nasal septum
49
Q

What are the functions of Hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support
  • Reduces friction between bony surfaces
50
Q

Where can Elastic cartilage be found?

A
  • Auricle of external ear
  • Epiglottis
  • Auditory canal
  • Cuneiform cartilages of larynx
51
Q

What are the functions of Elastic cartilage?

A
  • Provides support but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape
52
Q

Where is Fibrous cartilage found?

A
  • Pads within knee joint
  • Between pubic bones of pelvis
  • Intervertebral discs
53
Q

What are the functions of Fibrous cartilage?

A
  • Resists compression
  • Prevents bone to bone contact
  • Limits relative movement
54
Q

What are the types of bone?

A
  1. Compact bone
  2. Spongy bone
55
Q

What is the covering of bone called?

A

Periosteum, 2 layers

BIO 140 (9 decks)

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