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Physiology > Ch 3 - Auditory > Flashcards

Ch 3 - Auditory Flashcards

1
Q

Sound is measured in

A

Decibels (dB)

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2
Q

Sound frequency is measured in

A

Hertz (Hz)

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3
Q

Greatest Sensitivity to sound frequency is

A

between 2000 & 5000 Hz

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4
Q

Able to discriminate between the intensity of

A

1 dB & 2 dB

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5
Q

Range of sound frequency

A

20 Hz - 20,000 Hz

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6
Q

Human speech range frequency

A

300 Hz - 3000 Hz

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7
Q

As one ages we have a decrease in

A

High frequency tone

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8
Q

Sound is understood by which CN?

A

CN VIII

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9
Q

Components of Outer Ear

A
  • Auricle/pinna

- External auditory meatus

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10
Q

Function of Outer Ear

A

Collection of sound waves & conduction to tympanic membrane

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11
Q

Components of Middle Ear

A
  • Tympanic Membrane
  • Middle ear ossicles: Malleus, Incus, & Stapes
  • Tensor tympani & stapedius muscles
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12
Q

Tensor tympani is innervated by

A

Trigeminal Nerve

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13
Q

Stapedius muscle is innerved by

A

CN VII Facial Nerve

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14
Q

Function of Tensor tympani & Stapedius muscle

A

Dampen sound

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15
Q

Functions of Middle Ear

A

Sound amplifier

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16
Q

The Middle Ear communicates w/ nasopharynx via

A

Auditory tube

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17
Q

Middle Ear cavity is innervated by

A

CN 9 (Glossopharyngeal Nerve)

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18
Q

Pathology of middle ear cavity results in

A

Conduction Hearing Loss

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19
Q

Function of Inner Ear

A

Sound transduction

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20
Q

Components of Inner Ear

A
  • Cochlear & organ of Corti
  • Semicircular canals
    • lateral
    • posterior
    • superior
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21
Q

Perilymph

A
  • Similar to ECF
  • The fluid within vestibuli & tympani
  • High sodium, low potassium concentrations
22
Q

Endolymph

A
  • Similar to ICF
  • The fluid within media
  • High potassium, low sodium
23
Q

Similar to ICF, this fluid is found within media

A

Endolymph

24
Q

Similar to ECF, this fluid is found within vestibule & tympani

A

Perilymph

25
Q

Perilymph or Endolymph: Which contains high sodium & low potassium concentrations?

A

Perilymph

26
Q

Perilymph or Endolymph: Which contains high potassium & low sodium concentrations?

A

Endolymph

27
Q

The cochlea is

A

The sensory apparatus of transduction. It contains the organ of corti

28
Q

Separates vestibuli & media

A

Reissner’s membrane

29
Q

Separates media & tympani

A

Basilar membrane

30
Q

Organ of corgi lies on ____ within the _______ and is surrounded by _____

A

Organ of corti lies on basilar membrane within the scala media and is surrounded by endolymph

31
Q

Auditory receptors are innervated by

A

CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear Nerve)

32
Q

Inner hair cells are arranged

A

In single rows

33
Q

Outer hair cells are arranged

A

In parallel rows; greater quantity

34
Q

Bending of the cilia hair cells in one direction results in increased K+ conduction (______) and decreased K+ conduction (______) in the other direction

A

Depolarization & Repolarization

35
Q

Depolarization of the cilia hair cells

A

Opens Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic terminal of hair cells releasing excitatory NT increasing the firing of CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear)

36
Q

Hyperpolarization of the cili hair cells

A

Decreases the release of excitatory NT w/ resultant intermittent firing of CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear)

37
Q

Mechanism of Auditory Transduction Starting from Sound Waves, Ending in APs in afferent cochlear nerves

A

Sound Waves -> Vibration of organ of Corti -> Bending of cilia on hair cells -> Change in K+ conductance of hair cell membrane -> Oscillating receptor potential (cochlear microphonic) -> Intermittent glutamate release -> Intermittent APs in afferent cochlear nerves

38
Q

Mechanical deformation of stereocilia toward the kinocilium causes

A

K+ channels to open in the stereocilia, leading to depolarization, leading to Ca2+ to enter the cell, allowing vesicle fusion & the release of NT

39
Q

Mechanical deformation of stereocilia away from the kinocilium causes

A

The K+ channels to close and Hyperpolarization or Repolarization occurs

40
Q

Base of Basilar Membrane

A
  • towards the oval window
  • narrow and stiff
  • Responds best to HIGH FREQUENCIES
41
Q

Apex of Basilar Membrane

A
  • towards helicotrema
  • wide and compliant
  • Responds best to LOW FREQUENCIES
42
Q

Function of the Vestibular System

A
  • Equilibrium or balance

- Works in conduction w/ the visual system

43
Q

Semicircular Canals

A
  • Arranged perpendicularly to each other
  • Detects angular/rotational acceleration of the head
  • Ampulla at end of each canal contains the sensory receptor
44
Q

Gelatinous mass

A

Cupula

45
Q

During Horizontal Rotation what happens?

A

You have horizontal angular acceleration which is sensed by lateral semicircular canal. When head moves horizontally, the endolymph moves in the opposite direction (b/c cupula moves faster than the endolymph) pushing the stereocilia towards the kinocilium ipsilaterally causing depolarization (excitation) and away from the kinocilium contralaterally (hyperpolarization = inhibition). When the endolymph catches up, the cilia will return to their original position, hence point of neither depolarization or hyperpolarization. When the movement stops, the opposite occurs. This excitatory or inhibition is then sent via CN VIII to the CNS.

46
Q

Otolith Organs

A

Sensitive to linear acceleration/deceleration of the head due to gravitational forces
Composed of Utricle & Saccule

47
Q

Utricle

A

Sensitive to forward-backward movements

48
Q

Saccule

A 
Sensitive to movements in all directions
Sensitive to:
- backward-forward movement
- lateral displacements
- up-down
- most sensitive to lateral displacement
49
Q

Nystagmus

A
  • Occurs in response to angular or rotational acceleration of the head
  • Head rotates and eyes initially move in the opposite direction of the rotation in an attempt to maintain a constant gaze = slow component of nystagmus
  • When the eyes reach their maximum lateral stretch, there is a rapid return to align w/ the head as it turns = rapid component of nystagmus
  • IT IS DEFINED BY THE DIRECTION OF THE RAPID COMPONENT
50
Q

Postrotatory Nystagmus

A

If the rotation is stopped abruptly, the eyes will move in the direction opposite that of the original rotation. During the postrotatory period, the person tends to fall in the direction of the original rotation (due to stimulation of contralateral extensor muscles) b/c the person “thinks” he or she is spinning in the opposite direction

51
Q

Caloric Test

A

Pour cold water in ear & Nystagmus to opposite side of treated ear
Pour warm water in ear & Nystagmus to same side of treated ear
Remember Acronym COWS
It is an indication that brain stem is intact

Physiology (13 decks)

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