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Physiology > Ch 2 - ANS > Flashcards

Ch 2 - ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Two Divisions of the Nervous System

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) = Brain and the spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) = Everything outside of CNS

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2
Q

Sensory (Afferent) Nervous System

A
  • Brings information INTO the NS
  • Begins with events in sensory receptors in the periphery
  • Simplistic Pathway: Receptors -> Brainstem -> Diecephalon -> Cortex
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3
Q

Motor (Efferent) Nervous System

A
  • Carries information from the NS TO the periphery
  • 2 components = Somatic (Voluntary) & Autonomic (Involuntary)
  • Efferent information results in contraction of muscle or secretion by glands
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4
Q

2 Components of the CNS

A

Somatic: Voluntary, largely involves skeletal muscles

Autonomic (ANS): Involuntary, largely smooth muscle & glands

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5
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
  • Voluntary; Conscious control
  • SINGLE MOTORNEURON and the skeletal muscle innervated: Each muscle fiber is innervated by a single motor neuron
  • Cell body of the motor neuron is located in the CNS
  • Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine (ACh)
  • Receptor: Nicotinic
  • Action potential in motor neuron -> EPP in muscle fiber -> depolarization of muscle -> contraction
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6
Q

Neurotransmitter of Somatic Nervous System

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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7
Q

Neurotransmitter Receptor of Somatic Nervous System

A

Nicotinic

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8
Q

3 Divisions of the ANS

A
  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
  • Enteric = is the intrinsic innervation of the GI tract
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9
Q

The neurotransmitter of every Preganglionic Neuron is

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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10
Q

The receptor of every Preganglionic Neuron is

A

Nicotinic

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11
Q

Origin of the Sympathetic Division ANS

A

T1-L3 (Thoracocolumbar/Adrenergic Division)

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12
Q

Origin of the Parasympathetic Division ANS

A

CN 3, 7, 9, 10, & S2-S4 (Craniosacral)

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13
Q

Overall function of the Sympathetic Division

A

Mobilize the body for activity

Responds to stressful situations

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14
Q

Location & Projection of Preganglionic Neurons in the Sympathetic Division

A

Location: Intermediolateral cell column (T1-L3)
Projection:
• Via ventral roots and white communicating rami to the sympathetic trunk or paravertebral ganglia
• Via splanchnic nerves to prevertebral (collateral) ganglia
- They synapse at both locations w/ postganglionic neurons

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15
Q

Location & Projection of Postganglionic Neurons in the Sympathetic Division

A

Location:
• Sympathetic trunk (paravertebral ganglia)
• Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia
Projection:
• In sympathetic trunk: Via gray communicating rami to spinal nerves
• In prevertebral ganglia: project to abdominal & pelvic viscera

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16
Q

Interneurons in the Sympathetic Division are called

A

Small Intensely Fluorescent (SIF) cells

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17
Q

Interneurons in the Sympathetic Division are located in

A

Sympathetic ganglia

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18
Q

The neurotransmitters of Sympathetic Division Interneurons are

A

Dopamine; they are inhibitory

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19
Q

Norepinephrine is the NT of these neurons

A

Postganglionic Sympathetic Neurons. Exception are sweat glands & some blood vessels which have cholinergic innervation

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20
Q

Dopamine is the NT of these cells

A

SIF cells

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21
Q

Neuro-Effector Junctions in sympathetic division are analogous to neuromuscular junctions of the somatic NS, however there are these differences

A
  1. NMJ has a discrete arrangement where there is a single motor neuron innervating muscle. In contrast, in the ANS, postganglionic neuron is diffuse w/ a branching pattern w/ beads, or varicosities, line branches.
  2. There is overlap in the branching networks from different postganglionic neurons, s/t target tissues may be innervated by many postganglionic neurons
  3. In the ANS, postsynaptic receptors are widely distributed on the target tissues, and there is no specialized region of receptors analogous to the motor end plate of skeletal muscle
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22
Q

The Adrenal Medulla

A
  • Innervation originates from T5-T9
  • No postganglionic neuron
  • Specialized ganglion in the sympathetic division of the ANS
  • Secretes 80% epinephrine & 20% norepinephrine
  • ACh is NT of Preganglionic & Nicotinic is receptor
23
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A
  • Tumor of the adrenal medulla

- Secretes mainly norepinephrine

24
Q

Location of Alpha1 Adrenergic Receptors

A
  • Vascular smooth muscle of the skin
  • Splanchnic regions (organs)
  • GI system
  • Bladder
  • Radial muscle of the eye (mydriasis - when your pupils dilate)
25
Q

Action of Alpha1 Adrenergic Receptors

A

Produce excitation; contraction/constriction

26
Q

Location of Alpha2 Adrenergic Receptors

A

Platelets

Walls of GI tract

27
Q

Action of Alpha2 Adrenergic Receptors

A

Produce inhibition, eg: Relaxation/dilation

28
Q

Location of Beta1 Adrenergic Receptors

A

Sinoatrial (SA) & Atrioventricular (AV) node
Cardiac muscle
Fat cells (increase lipolysis)
Kidney (renin secretion)

29
Q

Action of Beta1 Adrenergic Receptors

A

Excitation; increased HR, increased conduction, increased contractility

30
Q

Location of Beta2 Adrenergic Receptors

A

Vascular smooth muscle of skeletal muscle (relaxation)
Bronchial smooth muscle (dilation)
Walls of GI tract & bladder

31
Q

The parasympathetic division is aka

A

Craniosacral or Cholinergic System

32
Q

The overall function of the Parasympathetic division is

A

Restoration & conservation of energy

33
Q

The NT for the parasympathetic division

A

ACh as NT for both pre & post ganglionic synapses

34
Q

Location of Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors

A
  • Autonomic ganglia of symp & parasymp system
  • Neuromuscular junction
  • Adrenal medulla
35
Q

Location of Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors

A

M1: salivary glands, stomach
M2: heart
M3: endocrine & exocrine glands, ciliary muscles, vascular smooth muscle

36
Q

Action of Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors

A

Inhibitory in heart (lower Heart Rate, lower conduction velocity in AV node)
Excitatory in smooth muscle & glands (higher GI motility, higher secretion

37
Q

Length of preganglionic axons are short in the

A

Sympathetic Division

38
Q

Length of preganglionic axons are long in the

A

Parasympathetic Division

39
Q

Length of postganglionic axons are short in the

A

Parasympathetic Division

40
Q

Length of postganglionic axons are long in the

A

Sympathetic Division

41
Q

Location of autonomic ganglia in Sympathetic Division vs Parasympathetic Division

A

Sympathetic Division: Paravertebral & Prevertebral

Parasympathetic Division: In or near effector organs

42
Q

Neurotransmitter in effector organs of Sympathetic Division vs Parasympathetic Division

A

Sympathetic: Norepinephrine (except sweat gland)

Parasympathetic: ACh

43
Q

MOA of Alpha 1 Adrenergic Receptor

A

Formation of IP3 & Increase in Ca2+

44
Q

MOA of Alpha 2 Adrenergic Receptor

A

Inhibit adenylate cyclase & decrease in cAMP

45
Q

MOA of Beta 1 Adrenergic Receptor

A

Activation of adenylate cyclase & production of cAMP

46
Q

MOA of Beta 2 Adrenergic Receptor

A

Activation of adenylate cyclase and production of cAMP

47
Q

Formation of IP3 & Increase in Ca2+ is the MOA of which Adrenergic Receptor?

A

Alpha 1

48
Q

Inhibition of adenylate cyclase & decrease in cAMP are the MOA of which Adrenergic Receptor?

A

Alpha 2

49
Q

Activation of adenylate cyclase & production of cAMP are MOA of which Adrenergic Receptor?

A

Beta 1 & 2

50
Q

Parasympathetic Cholinergic Varicosities; the small clear vesicles release

A

Small, clear vesicles: release the classic NT ACh

51
Q

Parasympathetic Cholinergic Varicosities; the large dense-core vesicles

A

Non-classic neurotransmitters:
• Vasoactive intestinal peptide [VIP]
• Nitric oxide [NO]
-> Varicosities contain nitric oxide synthase and can synthesize NO on demand

52
Q

MOA of Muscarinic receptor in SA node

A

Inhibition of adenylate cyclase, (α₂) which leads to the opening of K⁺ channels, causing repolarization, thereby ↓ing HR

53
Q

MOA of Muscarinic receptor in smooth muscle & glands

A

Formation of IP₃ and increase intracellular Ca²⁺; (α₁)

Physiology (13 decks)

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