Ch 3 Flashcards
cells and homeostasis
cells carry out a multitude of functions that help each system contribute to the homeostasis of the
entire body. At the same time, all cells share key structures and functions that support their intense
activity
cells
are the basic, living structural and functional units of the body.
scientific student of cells
cell biology or cytology
plasma membrane
forms the cells flexible outer surface separating the cells internal environment and the external environment
the plasma membrane, which surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a
cell, is composed of proteins and lipids
cytoplasm
consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and nucleus- two components are cytosol and organelles
nucleus
is a large organelle that houses most of a cells DNA
list three main parts of a cell
The principal parts of a cell are the plasma membrane; the cytoplasm, nucleus
fluid mosaic model
describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of comoponents- including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates- that gives the membrane a fluid structure
functions of the Plasma Membrane
- Acts as a barrier separating inside
and outside of the cell. - Controls the flow of substances into
and out of the cell. - Helps identify the cell to other cells
(e.g., immune cells). - Participates in intercellular
signaling
What is the glycocalyx?
pericellular matrix- (extensive sugary coat), a glycoprotein and glycolipid covering that surrounds the cell membranes of bacteria
Functions of membrane proteins
membrane proteins largely reflect the functions a cell can perform.pg 63
integral proteins
transmembrane proteins
peripheral proteins
glycoproteins
membranes functions
When stimulating a cell, the hormone insulin first binds
to a protein in the plasma membrane. This action best
represents which membrane protein function?
ion channels
carriers
other integral proteins act as carriers selectively moving polar substances or ion from one side of the membrane to another
receptors
cellular recognition sites, bind to a specific type of molecule- ex insulin receptor bind the hormone insulin
enzyme
the catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inside or outside of the cell
linkers
the anchor proteins in the plasma membrane of neighboring cells to one another or to protein filaments inside and outside the cells
cell- identity markers
membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids are often cell identity markers. they may enable a cell to (1) recognize other cells of the
same kind during tissue formation or (2) recognize and respond to
potentially dangerous foreign cells
selective permeability
Plasma membranes permit some substances to pass more readily than
others
concentration gradient
difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to
another, such as from the inside to the outside of the plasma membrane
passive processes
a substance moves down its concentration or electrical gradient to cross
the membrane using only its own kinetic energy (energy of motion).
active processes
cellular energy is used to drive the substance “uphill” against its concentration or electrical gradient.
electrical gradient
membrane potential
electrochemical gradient
passive processes
active processes
vesicles
diffusion
. How do hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions govern the
arrangement of membrane lipids in a bilayer?
What substances can and cannot diff use through the lipid
bilayer?
The proteins present in a plasma membrane determine the
functions that a membrane can perform.” Is this statement true
or false? Explain your answer
How does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity?
Why are membranes said to have selective permeability?
What factors contribute to an electrochemical gradient?
steepness of the concentration gradient
temperature
factors influence the diffusion rate
facilitated diffusion
channel- mediated facilitated diffusion
ion channels
mass of the diffusing substance
. The larger the mass of the diff using particle, the slower its diffusion rate.
surface area
The larger the membrane surface area available for
diffusion, the faster the diffusion rate
diffusion distance
The greater the distance over which diffusion must occur, the longer it takes
simple diffusion
a passive process in which substances move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membranes of cells without the help of membrane transport proteins
gated
A channel is said to be gated when part of the channel protein
acts as a “plug” or “gate,” changing shape in one way to open the
pore and in another way to close it
carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
transport maximum,
Osmosis
aquaporins
hydrostatic pressure
osmotic pressure
the solution with the impermeable solute also exerts a force
hemolysis
hypertonic solution
crenation
tonicity
isotonic solution
hypotonic solution
primary active transport
pumps
sodium potassium pump
Na+-K+ ATPase
active transport
secondary active transport
symporters
antiporters
transport in vesicles
vesicle
endocytosis
exocytosis
receptor- mediated endocytosis
binding
vesicle formation
uncoating
fusion with endosome
recycling of receptors to plasma membrane
degradation in lysosomes
phagocytosis
phagocytes
pinocytosis
bulk-phase endocytosis
cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
the cytoskeleton is a network of three types of protein filaments—microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules—that extends throughout the cytoplasm
transcytosis
exocytosis
microfilaments
microvilli
intermediate filaments
functions of the Cytoskeleton
- Serves as a scaffold that helps determine a cell’s shape and organize
the cellular contents. - Aids movement of organelles within the cell, of chromosomes during
cell division, and of whole cells such as phagocytes.
microtubules
organelles
centrosome
centrioles
pericentriolar matrix
cilia
Functions of the Centrosome
. The pericentriolar matrix of the centrosome contains tubulins that
build microtubules in nondividing cells.
2. The pericentriolar matrix of the centrosome forms the mitotic spindle
during cell division.
functions of cilia and flagella
cilia move fluids along a cells surface
flagellum moves an entire cell
flagella
ribosome
functions of ribosomes
ribosomes associated with endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins
destined for insertion in the plasma membrane or secretion from the cell.
2. Free ribosomes synthesize proteins used in the cytosol.
rough ER
smooth ER
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
functions of endoplasmic reticulum
pg 80
golgi complex
cisterns
medial cisterns
functions of the Golgi Complex
- modifies, sorts, packages, and transports proteins received from the rough ER.
- Forms secretory vesicles that discharge processed proteins via exocytosis into extracellular
fluid; forms membrane vesicles that ferry new molecules to the plasma membrane; forms
transport vesicles that carry molecules to other organelles, such as lysosomes
secretory vesicles
membrane vesicles
transfer vesicles
maturation of the cisternae and exchanges
pg 91
lysosomes
autolysis
peroxisomes
autophagy
functions of lysosomes
- digest substances that enter a cell via endocytosis and transport final products of digestion into cytosol.
- Carry out autophagy, the digestion of worn-out organelles.
- Implement autolysis, the digestion of an entire cell.
- Accomplish extracellular digestion
proteasomes
mitochondria
external mitochondrial membrane
internal mitochondrial membrane
mitochondrial cristae
functions of Mitochondria
- genenerate ATP through reactions of aerobic cellular respiration.
- Play an important early role in apoptosis.
mitochondrial matrix
apoptosis
nucleus
nuclear envelope
nuclear pores
nucleoli
chromatin
genome
nucleosome
histones
what are some of the chemicals present in cytosol?
what is the function of cytosol?
which organelles are surrounded by a membrane and which
are not?
which organelles contribute to synthesizing protein hormones
and packaging them into secretory vesicles?
What happens on the cristae and in the matrix of
mitochondria?
functions of nucleus
- controls cellular structure.
- Directs cellular activities.
- Produces ribosomes in nucleoli.
chromatin fiber
chromatids
how do large particles enter and exit the nucleus
where are ribosomes produced
how is DNA packed in the nucleus
proteome
gene expression
base triplet
codon
genetic code
transcription
messenger RNA
ribosomal RNA
transfer RNA
RNA polymerase
anticodon
promoter
terminator
introns
exons
translation
polyribosome
cell cycle
homologous chromosome
sex chromosome
diploid (2n) cells
interphase
cell divison
cell division
germ cell
somatic cell division
mitosis
cytokinesis
reproductive cell division
interphase
mitotic (M) phase
prophase
centromere
mitotic spindle
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
possible destinies
necrosis
crossing over
genetic recombination
meiosis
haploid (n) cell
meosis 1
meiosis 1
meiosis 2
comparison between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2
distinguish between somatic and reproductive cell division
and explain the importance of each.
what is the significance of interphase?
outline the major events of each stage of the mitotic phase of
the cell cycle.
how are apoptosis and necrosis similar? How do they diff er
how are haploid cells and diploid cells different
size of cell
shape of cell
