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Bio 235 > Ch 3 > Flashcards

Ch 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cells and homeostasis

A

cells carry out a multitude of functions that help each system contribute to the homeostasis of the
entire body. At the same time, all cells share key structures and functions that support their intense
activity

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2
Q

cells

A

are the basic, living structural and functional units of the body.

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3
Q

scientific student of cells

A

cell biology or cytology

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4
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms the cells flexible outer surface separating the cells internal environment and the external environment
the plasma membrane, which surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a
cell, is composed of proteins and lipids

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5
Q

cytoplasm

A

consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and nucleus- two components are cytosol and organelles

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6
Q

nucleus

A

is a large organelle that houses most of a cells DNA

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7
Q

list three main parts of a cell

A

The principal parts of a cell are the plasma membrane; the cytoplasm, nucleus

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8
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of comoponents- including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates- that gives the membrane a fluid structure

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9
Q

functions of the Plasma Membrane

A
  1. Acts as a barrier separating inside
    and outside of the cell.
  2. Controls the flow of substances into
    and out of the cell.
  3. Helps identify the cell to other cells
    (e.g., immune cells).
  4. Participates in intercellular
    signaling
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10
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

pericellular matrix- (extensive sugary coat), a glycoprotein and glycolipid covering that surrounds the cell membranes of bacteria

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11
Q

Functions of membrane proteins

A

membrane proteins largely reflect the functions a cell can perform.pg 63

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12
Q

integral proteins

A
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13
Q

transmembrane proteins

A
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14
Q

peripheral proteins

A
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15
Q

glycoproteins

A
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16
Q

membranes functions

A
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17
Q

When stimulating a cell, the hormone insulin first binds
to a protein in the plasma membrane. This action best
represents which membrane protein function?

A
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18
Q

ion channels

A
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19
Q

carriers

A

other integral proteins act as carriers selectively moving polar substances or ion from one side of the membrane to another

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20
Q

receptors

A

cellular recognition sites, bind to a specific type of molecule- ex insulin receptor bind the hormone insulin

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21
Q

enzyme

A

the catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inside or outside of the cell

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22
Q

linkers

A

the anchor proteins in the plasma membrane of neighboring cells to one another or to protein filaments inside and outside the cells

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23
Q

cell- identity markers

A

membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids are often cell identity markers. they may enable a cell to (1) recognize other cells of the
same kind during tissue formation or (2) recognize and respond to
potentially dangerous foreign cells

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24
Q

selective permeability

A

Plasma membranes permit some substances to pass more readily than
others

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25
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to
another, such as from the inside to the outside of the plasma membrane

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26
Q

passive processes

A

a substance moves down its concentration or electrical gradient to cross
the membrane using only its own kinetic energy (energy of motion).

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27
Q

active processes

A

cellular energy is used to drive the substance “uphill” against its concentration or electrical gradient.

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28
Q

electrical gradient

A
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29
Q

membrane potential

A
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30
Q

electrochemical gradient

A
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31
Q

passive processes

A
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32
Q

active processes

A
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33
Q

vesicles

A
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34
Q

diffusion

A
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35
Q

. How do hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions govern the
arrangement of membrane lipids in a bilayer?

A
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36
Q

What substances can and cannot diff use through the lipid
bilayer?

A
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37
Q

The proteins present in a plasma membrane determine the
functions that a membrane can perform.” Is this statement true
or false? Explain your answer

A
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38
Q

How does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity?

A
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39
Q

Why are membranes said to have selective permeability?

A
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40
Q

What factors contribute to an electrochemical gradient?

A
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41
Q

steepness of the concentration gradient

A
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42
Q

temperature

A
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43
Q

factors influence the diffusion rate

A
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44
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
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45
Q

channel- mediated facilitated diffusion

A
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46
Q

ion channels

A
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47
Q

mass of the diffusing substance

A

. The larger the mass of the diff using particle, the slower its diffusion rate.

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48
Q

surface area

A

The larger the membrane surface area available for
diffusion, the faster the diffusion rate

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49
Q

diffusion distance

A

The greater the distance over which diffusion must occur, the longer it takes

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50
Q

simple diffusion

A

a passive process in which substances move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membranes of cells without the help of membrane transport proteins

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51
Q

gated

A

A channel is said to be gated when part of the channel protein
acts as a “plug” or “gate,” changing shape in one way to open the
pore and in another way to close it

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52
Q

carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

A
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53
Q

transport maximum,

A
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54
Q

Osmosis

A
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55
Q

aquaporins

A
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56
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A
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57
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the solution with the impermeable solute also exerts a force

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58
Q

hemolysis

A
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59
Q

hypertonic solution

A
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60
Q

crenation

A
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61
Q

tonicity

A
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62
Q

isotonic solution

A
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63
Q

hypotonic solution

A
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64
Q

primary active transport

A
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65
Q

pumps

A
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66
Q

sodium potassium pump

A
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67
Q

Na+-K+ ATPase

A
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68
Q

active transport

A
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69
Q

secondary active transport

A
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70
Q

symporters

A
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71
Q

antiporters

A
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72
Q

transport in vesicles

A
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73
Q

vesicle

A
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74
Q

endocytosis

A
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75
Q

exocytosis

A
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76
Q

receptor- mediated endocytosis

A
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77
Q

binding

A
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78
Q

vesicle formation

A
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79
Q

uncoating

A
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80
Q

fusion with endosome

A
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81
Q

recycling of receptors to plasma membrane

A
82
Q

degradation in lysosomes

A
83
Q

phagocytosis

A
84
Q

phagocytes

A
85
Q

pinocytosis

A
86
Q

bulk-phase endocytosis

A
87
Q

cytoplasm

A
88
Q

cytoskeleton

A

the cytoskeleton is a network of three types of protein filaments—microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules—that extends throughout the cytoplasm

89
Q

transcytosis

A
90
Q

exocytosis

A
91
Q

microfilaments

A
92
Q

microvilli

A
93
Q

intermediate filaments

A
94
Q

functions of the Cytoskeleton

A
  1. Serves as a scaffold that helps determine a cell’s shape and organize
    the cellular contents.
  2. Aids movement of organelles within the cell, of chromosomes during
    cell division, and of whole cells such as phagocytes.
95
Q

microtubules

A
96
Q

organelles

A
97
Q

centrosome

A
98
Q

centrioles

A
99
Q

pericentriolar matrix

A
100
Q

cilia

A
101
Q

Functions of the Centrosome

A

. The pericentriolar matrix of the centrosome contains tubulins that
build microtubules in nondividing cells.
2. The pericentriolar matrix of the centrosome forms the mitotic spindle
during cell division.

102
Q

functions of cilia and flagella

A

cilia move fluids along a cells surface
flagellum moves an entire cell

103
Q

flagella

A
104
Q

ribosome

A
105
Q

functions of ribosomes

A

ribosomes associated with endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins
destined for insertion in the plasma membrane or secretion from the cell.
2. Free ribosomes synthesize proteins used in the cytosol.

106
Q

rough ER

A
107
Q

smooth ER

A
108
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A
109
Q

functions of endoplasmic reticulum

A

pg 80

110
Q

golgi complex

A

cisterns

111
Q

medial cisterns

A
112
Q

functions of the Golgi Complex

A
  1. modifies, sorts, packages, and transports proteins received from the rough ER.
  2. Forms secretory vesicles that discharge processed proteins via exocytosis into extracellular
    fluid; forms membrane vesicles that ferry new molecules to the plasma membrane; forms
    transport vesicles that carry molecules to other organelles, such as lysosomes
113
Q

secretory vesicles

A
114
Q

membrane vesicles

A
115
Q

transfer vesicles

A
116
Q

maturation of the cisternae and exchanges

A

pg 91

117
Q

lysosomes

A
118
Q

autolysis

A
119
Q

peroxisomes

A
120
Q

autophagy

A
121
Q

functions of lysosomes

A
  1. digest substances that enter a cell via endocytosis and transport final products of digestion into cytosol.
  2. Carry out autophagy, the digestion of worn-out organelles.
  3. Implement autolysis, the digestion of an entire cell.
  4. Accomplish extracellular digestion
122
Q

proteasomes

A
123
Q

mitochondria

A
124
Q

external mitochondrial membrane

A
125
Q

internal mitochondrial membrane

A
126
Q

mitochondrial cristae

A
127
Q

functions of Mitochondria

A
  1. genenerate ATP through reactions of aerobic cellular respiration.
  2. Play an important early role in apoptosis.
128
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A
129
Q

apoptosis

A
130
Q

nucleus

A
131
Q

nuclear envelope

A
132
Q

nuclear pores

A
133
Q

nucleoli

A
134
Q

chromatin

A
135
Q

genome

A
136
Q

nucleosome

A
137
Q

histones

A
138
Q

what are some of the chemicals present in cytosol?

A
139
Q

what is the function of cytosol?

A
140
Q

which organelles are surrounded by a membrane and which
are not?

A
141
Q

which organelles contribute to synthesizing protein hormones
and packaging them into secretory vesicles?

A
142
Q

What happens on the cristae and in the matrix of
mitochondria?

A
143
Q

functions of nucleus

A
  1. controls cellular structure.
  2. Directs cellular activities.
  3. Produces ribosomes in nucleoli.
144
Q

chromatin fiber

A
145
Q

chromatids

A
146
Q

how do large particles enter and exit the nucleus

A
147
Q

where are ribosomes produced

A
148
Q

how is DNA packed in the nucleus

A
149
Q

proteome

A
150
Q

gene expression

A
151
Q

base triplet

A
152
Q

codon

A
153
Q

genetic code

A
154
Q

transcription

A
155
Q

messenger RNA

A
156
Q

ribosomal RNA

A
157
Q

transfer RNA

A
158
Q

RNA polymerase

A
159
Q

anticodon

A
160
Q

promoter

A
161
Q

terminator

A
162
Q

introns

A
163
Q

exons

A
164
Q

translation

A
165
Q

polyribosome

A
166
Q

cell cycle

A
167
Q

homologous chromosome

A
168
Q

sex chromosome

A
169
Q

diploid (2n) cells

A
170
Q

interphase

A
171
Q

cell divison

A
172
Q

cell division

A
173
Q

germ cell

A
174
Q

somatic cell division

A
175
Q

mitosis

A
176
Q

cytokinesis

A
177
Q

reproductive cell division

A
178
Q

interphase

A
179
Q

mitotic (M) phase

A
180
Q

prophase

A
181
Q

centromere

A
182
Q

mitotic spindle

A
183
Q

metaphase

A
184
Q

anaphase

A
185
Q

telophase

A
186
Q

possible destinies

A
187
Q

necrosis

A
188
Q

crossing over

A
189
Q

genetic recombination

A
190
Q

meiosis

A
191
Q

haploid (n) cell

A
192
Q

meosis 1

A
193
Q

meiosis 1

A
194
Q

meiosis 2

A
195
Q

comparison between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

A
196
Q

distinguish between somatic and reproductive cell division
and explain the importance of each.

A
197
Q

what is the significance of interphase?

A
198
Q

outline the major events of each stage of the mitotic phase of
the cell cycle.

A
199
Q

how are apoptosis and necrosis similar? How do they diff er

A
200
Q

how are haploid cells and diploid cells different

A
201
Q

size of cell

A
202
Q

shape of cell

A

Bio 235 (5 decks)

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