Ch 1 Flashcards
What body function might a respiratory therapist strive to
improve? What structures are involved?
Give your own example of how the structure of a part of the
body is related to its function.
anatomy
is the science of body structures and the relationships among them
physiology
is the science of body functions.
Describe the body’s six levels of structural organization.
the chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system,
and organismal
list 11 body systems of the body
integumentary
nervous
cardiovascular
muscular
skeletal
lymphatic
digestive
reproductive
respiratory
endocrine
urinary
molecules
two or more atoms joined together
atoms
the smallest unit of matter that participates in chemical reactions
. What body function might a respiratory therapist strive to
improve? What structures are involved?
chemical level
the very basic level including atoms (letters in alphabet)
cellular level
molecules combine to form cells (words)
tissue level
groups of cells and the matericals surrounding them that work togtehr to perform a particular function ( sentence)
organ level
different types of tissues joined together (paragraphs)
organs
structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes
system level
a system (chapter)
organismal level
an organism any living individual (book)
metabolism
the sum of all chemical process that occur in the body
catabolism
first phase- the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler componentss
anabolism
2 phase -of metabolism the building of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
responsiveness
the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes
basic life process of human body
metabolism
responsiveness
movement
growth
differentiation
reproduction
movement
motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cell and even tiny structures inside cells
growth
increase in body size that results from an increase in size of existing cells, and increase in the number of cells, or both
differentiation
is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state- ex precursor cells
reproduction
1- the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement
2 the production of a new individual
homeostasis
the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment
body fluids
dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemical that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them
intracellular fluid
ICF- the fluid inside body cells
extracellular fluid
ECF- fluid outside the body cells
interstitial fluid
the ECF that fills the narrow space between cells of tissues
blood plasma
fluid within blood vessels
lymph
fluid within lymphatic vessels
cerebrospinal fluid
fluid in and around brain and spinal cord
synovial fluid
fluid within joints
aqueous humor and vitreous body
fluid of the eye
feedback system or feedback loop
the body can regulate its internal environment through many feedback systems- cycle of events in which the status of the body conditions is monitored, elevated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, etc.
controlled condition(controlled variable) example
monitored variable- ex body temp, BP, blood glucose.
stimulus
any disruption that changes a controlled condition
receptor
body structure that monitor changes in a controlled condition and send input to a control center
afferent pathway
a neural pathway that conducts impulses from a sense organ TOWARD the brain or spinal cord or from one brain region to another region
input
that send nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control center
control center
the body, for example, the brain, sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should
be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and
generates output commands when they are needed
output
from
the control center typically occurs as nerve impulses, or hormones or other chemical signals
efferent pathway
nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site
effector
a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
response
that alters the controlled condition
what is the difference from a negative feedback system to a positive feedback system
in a positive feedback system, the response affects the controlled condition differently than in a negative feedback system. The control center still provides commands to an effector, but this time the effector produces a physiological response that adds to or reinforces the initial change in the
controlled condition. The action of a positive feedback system continues until it is interrupted by some mechanism
negative feedback system
reverses a change in a controlled condition- ex- BP, temp, Blood sugar
positive feedback system
tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions- ex- normal child birth
Outline the major body cavities, the organs they contain, and their
associated linings
anatomical position
Descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that it is
in a standard position of reference
prone position
lying facedown
supine position
lying faceup
lower limb
regional name- attached to the trunk and consists of the buttocks, thigh, leg, ankle and foot
. Describe the locations of intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid,
interstitial fluid, and blood plasma
Why is extracellular fluid called the internal environment of the
body?
What types of disturbances can act as stimuli that initiate a
feedback system?
. Define receptor, control center, and effector
. What is the difference between symptoms and signs of a disease?
Give examples of each.
directional terms
words that describe the position of one body part relative to another
directional terms can be used to specify the relationships between (1) the elbow and the shoulder, (2) the left and
right shoulders, (3) the sternum and the humerus, and (4) the
heart and the diaphragm?
superior
toward the head, or upper part of body structure
inferior
away from the head, or lowest part of a structure
anterior
nearer to or at the front of the body
posterior
nearer to or at the back of the body
medial
nearer to midline
lateral
farther from the midline
intermediate
between two structures
ipsilateral
on the same side of the body as another structure
contralateral
on the opposite side of the body from another structure
proximal
nearer to the attachment of a limb, nearer to the origination of a structure
distal
farther from the attachment of a limb, farther from the origination of a structure
superficial
toward or on the surface of the body
deep
away from the surface of the body
planes
imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts
sagittal plane
is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides
midsagittal plane
divides into equal left and rights sides down the midline of the body
parasagittal plane
unequal left and right sides of the body
frontal plane
divides body or organ into from front(anterior) and back (posterior) portions
transverse plane (cross- sectional/ horizontal plane)
divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
oblique plane
passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle ( any angle other than a 90 degree angle)
section
cut in the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes just described - indicates how three different
sections—midsagittal,
body cavities
spaces that enclose internal organs
cranial cavity
contains the brain in a hollow space
thoracic cavity (chest cavity)
contains pleural and pericardial
cavities and the mediastinum
pericardial cavity
within the thoracic cavity- a fluid filled space that surrounds the heart, and two fluid- filled spaces
pleural cavities
fluid filled space around the lungs, and heart
mediastinum
central part of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical region, extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm, contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea and several large blood vessels
abdominopelvic cavity
extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis
abdominal cavity
contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder,
small intestine, and most of large intestine; the
serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is
the peritoneum.
pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestines and internal organs of reproduction
peritoneum
is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
visceral peritoneum
covers the abdominal viscera
parietal peritoneum
lines the abdominal wall covering the inferior surface of the diaphram
retroperitoneal
posterior to the peritoneum- the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of small intestines, ascending and descending colons large intestines, abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
membrane
a thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions or connects structures
right hypochondriac
epigastric
left hypochondriac
umbilical
right lumber
left lumbar
right inguinal
hypogastric
left inguinal
umbilicus
betty button
RUQ
LUQ
RLQ
LLQ
pericardium
serous membrane of the pericardial cavity
pleura
serous membrane of the pleural cavities
What structures separate the various body cavities from one another?
