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Bio 235 > Ch 2 > Flashcards

Ch 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

did you ever wonder how fatty acids relate to health
and disease?

A
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2
Q

identify the main chemical elements of the human body

A
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3
Q

describe the structures of atoms

A
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4
Q

describe the structure of ions

A
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5
Q

describe the structure of molecules

A
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6
Q

describe the structure of free radicals

A
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7
Q

describe the structure of compounds

A
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8
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space- all living and nonliving things consist of matter

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9
Q

mass

A

the amount of matter in any object, which does not change

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10
Q

weight

A

the force of gravity acting on matter, does change

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11
Q

chemical elements

A

all forms of matter- living and nonliving made up of a limited number of building blocks this is chemical element

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12
Q

chemical symbol

A

1 or 2 letters of the elements name in different language, ex- H-hydrogen

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13
Q

major element

A

twenty-six different chemical elements normally present in your body, 4 major elements 96% of the body’s mass, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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14
Q

lesser elements

A

contribute to 3.6% of bodys mass, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium chloride, magnesium, iron

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15
Q

trace elements

A

present in tiny amounts- account for 0.4% body’s mass, example would be iodine- needed to make thyroid hormones

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16
Q

oxygen

A

65% body mass-part of water and many organic molecules, used to generate ATP, a molecule used by cells to temporarily store chemical energy

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17
Q

carbon

A

18.5% body mass- forms backbone chains and rings of all organic molecules; carbohydrates, lipids(fats), proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

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18
Q

hydrogen

A

9.5% body mass- constituent of water and most organic molecules, ionized from H+, makes body fluids more acidic

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19
Q

nitrogen

A

component of all proteins and nucleic acids

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20
Q

subatomic particles

A

3 main subatomic particles for chemical reactions in the human body, protons, neutrons and electrons

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20
Q

subatomic particles

A

3 main subatomic particles for chemical reactions in the human body, protons, neutrons and electrons

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21
Q

nucleus

A

dense central core of an atom

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22
Q

protons

A

P+- a stable subatominc particle occuring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but opposite sign

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23
Q

protons

A

P+- a stable subatomic particle with positive charge

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24
Q

electrons

A

e-= subatomic particle with a negative charge

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25
Q

neutrons

A

n0- uncharged or neutral subatomic partical

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26
Q

electron shells

A

regions (circles) around nucleus

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27
Q

How are the electrons of carbon distributed between the
first and second electron shells?

A
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28
Q

mass number

A

sum of protons and neutrons

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29
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass number

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30
Q

radioactive isotopes

A

unstable isotopes, their nuclei decay into a stable configuration- ex H-3, as they decay, they omit radiation either subatomic partials or packets of energy, and in the process transform into different element

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31
Q

half-life of an isotope

A

the time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample of that isotope to decay into a more stable form

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32
Q

compound

A

a substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements

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33
Q

free radical

A

an atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell- ex- superoxide

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34
Q

atomic mass (atomic weight)

A

of an element is the average mass of all its naturally occurring isotopes

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35
Q

ion

A

an atom that has a positive or negative charge because it has unequal numbers of protons and electrons

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36
Q

ionization

A

the process of giving up or gaining electrons

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37
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms share electrons, the resulting combination is molecule

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38
Q

how are atomic number, mass number, and atomic mass of carbon and how are they related

A
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39
Q

List the names and chemical symbols of the 12 most abundant
chemical elements in the human body

A

oxygen O
carbon C
hydrogen H
nitrogen N
calcium Ca
Phosphorus P
potassium K
sulfur S
sodium Na
Chlorine Cl
magnesium Mg
iron Fe

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40
Q

what substance in the body can inactivate oxygen derived free radicals?

A
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41
Q

chemical bonds

A

the force that hold together the atoms of a molecule or a compound

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42
Q

valence shell

A

outermost shell of an atom, the electrons in this shell take part in bonding with other atoms

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43
Q

ionic bond

A

the force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges

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44
Q

cation

A

a positivly charged ion

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45
Q

cation

A

a positively charge ion- sodium ion Na+

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46
Q

anion

A

a negatively charged ion- ex- iodine ion I-

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47
Q

electrolyte

A

ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions in solution

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48
Q

covalent bond

A

two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or Losing them

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49
Q

single covalent bond

A

results when two atoms share one electron pair

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50
Q

what is the main difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond

A
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51
Q

double covalent bond

A

results when two atoms share two pairs of electrons- oxygen molecule

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52
Q

triple covalent bond

A

occurs when two atoms share three pairs of electrons - ex- molecule of nitrogen

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53
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

when atoms chare two electrons equally- one atom does not attract the shared electrons more strongly than the other atom

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54
Q

polar covalent bond

A

the sharing of electrons between two atoms is unequal - the nucleus of one atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly than the nucleus of the other atom-ex- A very important example of
a polar covalent bond in living systems is the bond between oxygen
and hydrogen in a molecule of water

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55
Q

electronegativity

A

the power to attract electrons to its self

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56
Q

hydrogen bond

A

forms when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of the neighboring electronegative atoms, most often larger oxygen or nitrogen atoms

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57
Q

surface tension

A

the tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area possible- it allows objects with higher density than water such razor blades float on water surface without becoming even partly submerged

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58
Q

Why would you expect ammonia (NH3) to form hydrogen
bonds with water molecules?

A
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59
Q

cohesion

A

the action or fact of forming a united whole

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60
Q

which electron shell is the valence shell of an atom, and what is
its significance?

A
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61
Q

Compare the properties of ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds

A
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62
Q

what information is conveyed when you write the molecular or
structural formula for a molecule?

A
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63
Q

chemical reaction

A

occurs when a new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms

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64
Q

enegry

A

is the capacity to do work

65
Q

potential energy

A

energy stored by matter due to its position

66
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy associated with matter in motion

67
Q

chemical energy

A

form of potential energy that is stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules

68
Q

law of conservation of energy

A

Conversion of energy from one form to another
generally releases heat, some of which is used to maintain normal
body temperature.

69
Q

exergonic reaction

A

release more energy than they absorb

70
Q

endergonic reactions

A

absorb more energy than they release

71
Q

activation energy

A

the collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants

72
Q

concentration.

A

the more particles of matter present in a confined
space, the greater the chance that they will collide

73
Q

temperature

A

temperature rises, particles of matter move about
more rapidly.

74
Q

catalysts

A

chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering
the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur

75
Q

reversible Reactions

A

the products can revert to the original reactants, A reversible reaction is indicated by two half-arrows pointing in opposite directions.

76
Q

anabolism

A

all of the synthesis reactions that occur in the body are collectively referred to as anabolism

77
Q

Oxidation

A

refers to the loss of electrons; in the process
the oxidized substance releases energy

78
Q

reduction

A

to the gain of electrons; in the process the reduced substance gains energy

79
Q

oxidation–reduction reactions

A

are always parallel; when one substance is oxidized, another is reduced at the same time.

80
Q

what is the relationship between reactants and products in a chemical reaction

A
81
Q

compare potential and kinetic energy

A
82
Q

how do catalysts affect activation energy

A
83
Q

why are oxidation- reduction reactions important

A
84
Q

exchange reaction

A

the consist of both synthesis and decomposition reactions

85
Q

decomposition reaction

A

split up large molecules into smaller atoms, ions or molecules

86
Q

solvent

A

able to dissolve other substances

87
Q

solution

A

liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (solvent)

88
Q

solute

A

the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent

89
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving- dissolve easily in water

90
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing - not very water soluble

91
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

usually lack carbon and are structurally simple.

92
Q

Organic compounds

A

always contain carbon, usually contain hydrogen, and
always have covalent bonds

93
Q

Water

A

the most important and abundant inorganic compound in
all living systems, die in a matter of days without water

94
Q

hydrolysis

A

to loosen or break molecules, which would increase the waters temperature

95
Q

ubricating fluids

A

Water is a major component of mucus and other lubricating fluids throughout the body. Lubrication is especially necessary in the chest (pleural and pericardial cavities) and abdomen (peritoneal cavity), where
internal organs touch and slide over one another.

96
Q

heat of vaporization of water is high

A

Water also requires a large amount of heat to change from
a liquid to a gas.

97
Q

mixture

A

combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds

98
Q

colloid

A

a mixture in which one substance consisting of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance

99
Q

dehydration synthesis reaction

A

combination or synthesis reactions which occur between the same or deferent monomer units with the elimination of water molecules

100
Q

Thermal Properties of Water

A

In comparison to most substances, water can absorb or release a relatively large amount of heat with only a modest change in its own temperature. For this reason, water is said to have a high heat capacity. The reason for this property is the large number of hydrogen bonds in water

101
Q

concentration pg 51

A
102
Q

percentage

A
103
Q

base

A
104
Q

proton donor

A
105
Q

proton acceptor

A
106
Q

hydroxide ions (OH-)

A
107
Q

salt

A
108
Q

mole

A
109
Q

acid

A
110
Q

buffer system

A
111
Q

buffers

A
112
Q

carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system

A
113
Q

macromolecule

A
114
Q

macromolecule

A
115
Q

polymer

A
116
Q

monomoer

A
117
Q

isomer

A
118
Q

how do inorganic compounds differ from organic compounds

A
119
Q

describe 2 ways to express the concentration of a solution

A
120
Q

what functions does water perform in the body

A
121
Q

how do bicarbonate ions prevent buildup of excess H+

A
122
Q

which functional group helps stabilize the shape of proteins

A
123
Q

functional groups

A
124
Q

carbon skeleton

A
125
Q

hydrocarbon

A
126
Q

carbohydrates

A
127
Q

glycogen

A
128
Q

monosaccharides

A
129
Q

disaccharide

A
130
Q

polysaccharide

A
131
Q

how are carbohydrates classified

A
132
Q

how are dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions related

A
133
Q

lipids

A
134
Q

lipoproteins

A
135
Q

saturated fats

A
136
Q

glycerol

A
137
Q

saturated fatty acid

A
138
Q

monounsaturated fats

A
139
Q

polyunsaturated fats

A
140
Q

phospholipids

A
141
Q

steroids

A

4 rings of carbon atoms, cholesterol- cell membrane structure, estrogen, and testosterone- regulating sexual funtions, cortisol- normal blood sugar levels, bile salts- needed for lipid digestion and absorption, vitamin D- bone growth

142
Q

eicosanoids stopped on page 59

A

lipid derived from 20- carbon fatty acids called arachidonic acid

143
Q

leukotrienes

A

participate in allergic and inflammatory responses,

144
Q

proteins

A

large molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. some contain sulfur, 12-18% protein in adult. enzymes are proteins that speed up most biochemical reactions, some drive muscle contraction, antibodies- defend against invading microbes
table 2.8
long chains of amino acids are proteins

145
Q

peptide bond

A

covalent bond joining each pair of amino acid, always forms between carbon and carboxyl group (-COOH)

146
Q

polypeptide

A

help make up proteins by bonding numerous amino acids together

147
Q

peptide

A

short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

148
Q

denaturation

A

no longer functional protein, when protein encounters a altered environment, it may unravel and lose its characteristic shape

149
Q

enzyme

A

catalysts are protein molecules- consist of 2 parts- apoenzyme (protein portion) and cofactor (nonprotein portion)

An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction without being altered or
consumed.

150
Q

enzymes are highly specific

A

Each particular enzyme binds only to
specific substrates

151
Q

enzymes are very efficient

A

they can catalyze reactions at rates that are from 100 million to 10 billion times more rapid than those of similar reactions occurring without enzymes

152
Q

Enzymes are subject to a variety of cellular controls.

A

Their rate of synthesis and their concentration at any given time are under the control of a cell’s genes

153
Q

how enzymes work

A

The substrates make contact with the active site on the surface
of the enzyme molecule, forming a temporary intermediate compound called the enzyme–substrate complex. In this reaction the two substrate molecules are sucrose (a disaccharide) and water.
2 The substrate molecules are transformed by the rearrangement
of existing atoms, the breakdown of the substrate molecule, or
the combination of several substrate molecules into the products
of the reaction. Here the products are two monosaccharides:
glucose and fructose.
3 Aft er the reaction is completed and the reaction products move
away from the enzyme, the unchanged enzyme is free to attach to
other substrate molecules.

154
Q

nucleic acids

A

organic molecule that contains C, H, N, O, P, 2 varieties DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) forms inherited genetic material inside each human cell
RNA (ribonucleic acid)- relays instructions from the genes to guide each cells synthesis of proteins from amino acids

155
Q

nucleotides

A

has 3 parts
itrogenous base. DNA contains four diff erent nitrogenous
bases, which contain atoms of C, H, O, and N. In DNA the four
nitrogenous bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and
guanine (G). Adenine and guanine are larger, double-ring bases
called purines (PŪR-ēnz); thymine and cytosine are smaller,
single-ring bases called pyrimidines (pī-RIM-i-dēnz). The
nucleotides are named according to the base that is present. For
instance, a nucleotide containing thymine is called a thymine
nucleotide, one containing adenine is called an adenine
nucleotide, and so on.
2. Pentose sugar. A five-carbon sugar called deoxyribose attaches to
each base in DNA.
3. Phosphate group. Phosphate groups (PO4
3−) alternate with
pentose sugars to form the “backbone” of a DNA strand; the bases
project inward from the backbone chain .

156
Q

double helix

A

spiral ladder of 2 strands of alternation phosphate group and deoxyribose sugars from the uprights of the ladder.

157
Q

how do DNA and RNA differ

A

DNA- self replicating, has double helix, A with T, G with C
encodes information for making proteins
RNA- made by using DNA as blueprint, on strand, A with U, G with C
carries the genetic code and assists in making proteins

158
Q

what is a nitrogenous base

A

molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base

159
Q

ATP- adenosine triphosphate

A

energy currency of living systems, is the principal energy-transferring molecule in living systems.

160
Q

ADP- adenosine diphosphate

A
161
Q

In the reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase, what are the
substrates and products? Is this an exergonic or endergonic
reaction?

A

Bio 235 (5 decks)

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