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APUSH > Ch. 28 + 29 > Flashcards

Ch. 28 + 29 Flashcards

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AP® U.S. History flashcards
1
Q

Henry Demarest Lloyd

A

wrote “Wealth Against Commonwealth”
(against Standard Oil/Rockefeller)

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2
Q

Thorstein Veblen

A

wrote “the Theory of the Leisure Class”
(against conspicuous consumption and predatory wealth)

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3
Q

conspicuous consumption

A

buying expensive services and products in order to flaunt your wealth

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4
Q

Jacob Riis

A

wrote “How the Other Half Lives”
- photographed slum life in NYC
- beginnings of “Yellow Journalism”

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5
Q

Yellow Journalism

A

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations, attract readers, and earn $

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6
Q

Lincoln Steffens

A

wrote “The Shame of the Cities” in McClures
unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government

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7
Q

Jack London

A

wrote “the Call of the Wild”
wrote about the environment and what society should do with it (enjoy and preserve it)

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8
Q

Theodore Dreiser

A

wrote “the Financer” (1912) and “the Titan” (1914)
(against the promoters and profiteers)

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9
Q

David Phillips

A

wrote “the Treason of the Senate” in Cosmopolitan
(against railroad corruption)
- shot by a relative of someone he wrote about

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10
Q

Ida Tarbell

A

wrote “the History of Standard Oil”
- had a feud with Rockefeller who was accused of blowing up a company unwilling to sell themselves

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11
Q

Robert M. La Follette

A

Wisconsin (R) Governor, regulated public utilities, “Wisconsin Idea”

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12
Q

Upton Sinclair

A

wrote “the Jungle”
(wrote about unsanitary meat plants/plight of the worker, public shocked and more worried about sanitation, triggering many laws)

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13
Q

Teddy Roosevelt

A

Twenty-sixth president of the United States; he focused his efforts on trust busting, environment conservation, and strong foreign policy.

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14
Q

William Howard Taft

A

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn’t appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

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15
Q

Francis Perkins

A

first female secretary of labor, inspired by the Triangle Shirtwaist fires

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16
Q

Initiative

A

A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment

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17
Q

Referendum

A

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

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18
Q

Conservationism

A

environmental view which stated that land should be protected for carefully managed development, led to the formation of the National Parks System

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19
Q

Direct election of senators

A

17th amendment

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20
Q

Muckrakers

A

term from TDR, Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public (often with no intent of reform)

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21
Q

18th Amendment

A

Prohibition of alcohol

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22
Q

Prohibition

A

a ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol anywhere in the U.S.,k believed to benefit homemakers/women

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23
Q

Elkins Act

A

(1903) gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers (rebates)

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24
Q

Hepburn Act

A

(1906) Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.

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25
Q

Northern Securities Co. Case

A

An important United States railroad trust formed in 1901 by E. H. Harriman, James J. Hill, J.P. Morgan, J. D. Rockefeller and their associates. The company controlled the numerous lines. The company was sued in 1902 under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 by President Theodore Roosevelt, one of the first anti-trust cases filed against corporate interests instead of labor.

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26
Q

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

A

(March 1911) fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

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27
Q

Meat Inspection Act

A

(1906) Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines, inspired by “the Jungle”

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28
Q

Pure Food and Drug Act

A

(1906) Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs.

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29
Q

Newlands Act

A

(1902) government was to collect money from sales of public lands in western desert states and use funds for development of irrigation projects

30
Q

Dollar Diplomacy

A

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to “help” countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures with necessary martial protection if needed. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

31
Q

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

A

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Republican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

32
Q

progressives

A

A group of reformers who worked to solve problems caused by the rapid industrial urban growth of the late 1800s, often well-educated urban middle-aged people of all parties and states; wanted strong state power and government as agency of human wellfare

33
Q

progressive goals

A

use state to curb monopoly power and improve common worker’s work conditions

34
Q

Political progressivism

A

emerged in both major parties, in all regions, at all levels of government

35
Q

Square Deal (3 C’s)

A
  1. Control of Corporations
    - (1903) created the Department of Labor and Commerce
    - Bureau of Corporations under authorized to probe business practices of those involved with interstate commerce
    - Northern Securities Co Case
    - busted 40 trusts, only the bad ones
  2. Consumer Protection
    - Meat Inspection Act
    - Pure Food and Drug Act
  3. Conservation of Natural Resources
    - outdoorsman
    - Newlands Act
    - set aside 125 million acres for reserves and banned Christmas trees
36
Q

Coal Strike

A

1902, Coal/charite mines of Pennsylvania 140k workers with poor conditions. Demanded a 20% raise and from 10 to 9 hours. Mine owners (Mike Owens) refused to negotiate, Theodore Roosevelt threatens to bring in troops, compromised on 10% raise and 9 hours

37
Q

Trustbusting

A

Government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies, both TDR and Taft were “trustbuster”

38
Q

Panic of 1907 (“The Bankers’ Panic”)

A

A financial crisis that happened when the New York Stock Exchange crashed. Panic spread through the nation, resulting in many runs (large withdrawals) on banks, bank failures, and suicides. It led to the creation of the Federal Reserve, Aldrich-Vreeland Act, and National Reserve Act.

39
Q

Aldrich-Vreeland Act

A

(1908) authorized national banks to issue emergency currency, was the precursor of the Federal Reserve Act

40
Q

Standard Oil Company

A

John D. Rockefeller’s company, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age. By 1877 Standard Oil controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the U.S. It was also one of the first multinational corporations, and at times distributed more than half of the company’s kerosene production outside the U.S. By the turn of the century it had become a target for trust-busting reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies.

41
Q

Election of 1912

A

Woodrow Wilson wins! When Theodore Roosevelt broke from the Republicans to form the Bull Moose (AKA “Progressive”) Party, he hoped to win back the presidency. His presence split the Republican vote resulting in a win for the Democrat, Wilson. Wilson led an era of Progressive Reform “New Freedom” (creating the Federal Reserve for instance), took the nation into World War I and staunchly fought for the ‘League of Nations’ - which the US wouldn’t join because of Wilson’s unwillingness to compromise with the Republicans in the Senate.

42
Q

Dr. Woodrow Wilson

A

-28th President of the United States
-governor of New Jersey
- strong progressive/Democrat
- president of Princeton University
-stood up to bosses and trusts
- “New Freedom” platform
known for Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women’s suffrage (reluctantly), won Nobel Peace Prize
- first democratic president since Zachary Taylor
- racist (accelerated segregation)

43
Q

Eugene V Debs

A

-Leader of the American Railway Union
- voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike
- ran as Socialist candidate for President in 1912
- unpopular due to the Red Scare

44
Q

New Nationalism

A

Roosevelt’s domestic platform during the 1912 election
- more safety and welfare laws
- taxation and regulation of big business
- women’s suffrage

45
Q

Herbert Croly

A
  • wrote the The Promise of American Life (1909)
  • inspired TDR’s New Nationalism platform
46
Q

New Freedom

A
  • Woodrow Wilson’s platform in the election of 1912;
  • improve the banking system
    -lower tariffs
  • by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete
    -monetary changes
47
Q

preservationism

A

setting aside select areas as natural and underdeveloped

48
Q

Preservationism vs. Conservationism

A

P- leaving nature untouched/unused
C- using nature responsibly

49
Q

Mueller vs. Oregon

A

(1908) Supreme Court case, the court agrees with laws restricting women’s work hours (10 hours). The state could pass laws protecting women’s health, which was a public concern. Led by lawyer Louis D Brandeis

50
Q

Lochner v. New York

A

10 hr workdays(60 hr work weeks) for bakers

51
Q

1904 Roosevelt Promise

A

promised he wouldn’t run for for a 3rd term, but broke it in the election of 1912

52
Q

Louis D Brandeis

A

wrote “Other People’s Money and How the Bankers Use it.
Further showed the problems of the American banking system.
Wilson nominated him to the supreme court making him the first jew in that position

53
Q

Underwood Tariff

A

In 1913, this tariff substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years. To compensate for the reduced tariff revenues, the bill included a graduated income tax with rates from 1 to 6 percent (with the help of the 16th ammendment)

54
Q

Civil War National Banking Act

A

The banking system in place during the Panic of 1907. Responsible for the panic because bankers and businesses started becoming greedy and keeping a lot of the money that wasn’t theirs. To fix this Wilson had congress authorize investigation.

55
Q

Federal Reserve Act

A

(1913) most important legislation between the Civil War and New Deal
- created Federal Reserve Board (appointed by president) and oversaw national system of 12 regional reserve districts with respective central banks
- created official federal paper currency (Federal Reserve Notes)

56
Q

16th Ammendment

A

1913- gave the right to tax people’s income; more you make, the more you’re taxed

57
Q

Federal Trade Commission Act

A

(1914) empowered a standing, presidentially appointed commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce like unlawful competition, false advertising, and mislabeling of goods.

58
Q

Clayton Antitrust Act

A

1914) designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal
- made interlocking directorates illegal
- “Magna Carta of Labor” (Samuel Gompers, Union leader)

59
Q

interlocking directorates

A

The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company (to eliminate competiton)

60
Q

La Follette Seaman’s Act

A

(1915)it benefited sailors by requiring decent treatment and a living wage on American ships.

61
Q

Workingmen’s Compensation Act

A

(1916) granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability and made restrictions on interstate child labor

62
Q

Adamson Act

A

(1916) established an 8-hour work day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime

63
Q

Jones Act

A

(1916) made Philippines a US territory with a promise of independence when a stable government is established
- did not believe the day would come, but 30 years later on July 4, 1946, the Philippines became an independent nation!!!!!!!!!

64
Q

Wilson and Haiti

A

The outraged people of Haiti literally tore their president to pieces.
-Wilson sent marines to protect Americans and their property.
-The marines stayed there for 19 years, making it an American protectorate.
1916- Wilson stole page from TDR’s corollary to the Monroe Doctrine to conclude treaty (finance and police supervision)

65
Q

when did Wilson purchase Denmark?

A

1917, from the Virgin Islands

66
Q

Moral Foreign Policy

A

President Wilson’s policy of condemning imperialism, spreading democracy, and promoting peace internationally.
Wilson’s foreign policy said the U.s “ would never again seek one additional foot of territory by conquest” but he did intervene several times to restore order in other nations

67
Q

In 1913 the Mexican Revolution took an ugly turn when the president was murdered and replaced by who?

A

General Victoriano Huerta
- accelerated migration to the US
- Wilson sent efforts to control him (Venustiano Carranza and Francisco “Pancho” Villa)

68
Q

Tampico Incident

A

An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Woodrow Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Veracruz in April 1914. Although war was avoided (with help of Argentina, Brazil, and Cuba) tensions grew between the US and Mexico.

69
Q

Pancho Villa

A

Mexican revolutionary leader (1877-1923) Did many good things, but killed a lot of people. Wanted to take money from the rich and give it to the poor.
- wanted to challenge Carranza and provoke war with US (killed 35 US mining engineers/citizens in North Mexico/Columbus, New Mexico)

70
Q

General John J. Pershing

A

Cuban and Philippine Veteran, clashed with Mexico but retreated in 1917 due to German war threat

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