ch 27.1- 27.4 Flashcards
weathering
process involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materiald on earths surface
soil
mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life
erosion
removal of surface material through the process of weathering
sediment transport
gravity move eroded materiald from one place to another in process during rocks weather, erosional agent likebwater, ice, wind
deposition
erosional agent slows down, or melts, it drops this sediment load in a process
draimage basin
land area that gathers water for a major river
longshore current
movement of water parallel to the sshoreline
do rocks weather at the same rate?
no they weather at different rates due to rock type and landscape
what are the two main factors that determaine how fast a rock will wearther?
rock type , landscape
what are the two types of weathering?
mechanical, chemical
what type of change happends with mechanical weathering?
physical changes
what type of chan ge happends with chemical weathering?
chemical changes
what ared the 3 types of mechanical?
frost wedging, biological activity, collisions
what causes frost wedging?
water gets collected in cracts of rocks, freezes
what is the cycle called during frost wedging?
water gets collected in cracts of rocks, freezes then brakes rocks
what cause biological activity?
plants and animals
what causes weathering during collisions?
rock falls from a cliff, tumble throught turbulent rivers
what is parent material?
is where soil is formed
whar are the 2 types of chemical weathering caused by?
oxygen, water
what is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen?
oxidation
what is the chemical process called that is caused by water?
hydrolysis
what are soil horizons?
different layers of soil
how many soil horizons there?
6
true or false. all soils contain every soil horizon?
fals
what are the specific soil horizon contain?
O,A,E,B,C,R
what does the first soil horizon contain?
organic material
what is the second horizon mosly made up of?
minerals
which layer does leaching occur?
E
which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?horizen B
B
which layer is partially weathering bedrock?
C
which layer is unweathered bedrock?
which soil horizons make up the topsoil?
which soil horizons make up the subsoil?
which soil horizons make up the true soil?
If the slope of the river decreses what happens to the speed of the river?
decreases
what are small streams the flow into larger rivers?
tributaries
land area that gathers water for a major river is called?
drainage basin
a boundary that separates distinct drainage basins is called?
drainage divide
as watedr flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earth’s surface creating?
channels
young rivers are blank due to the fast movement?
V-shaped
Black river are wide with smooth and gentle slopes
Mature
when rivers flood and drop their sediment load which type of land form is created?
flood plains
what is a fan shape sediment deposit that forms at the maouth of the river?
deltas
what are destributaries?
braching channals within daltas
what land form forms where the mouth of the river or steam enters dry land?
Alluvial Fans
what are the two types of glaciers?
valley glaciers, continental glaciers
where do valley glaciers form?
high mountainous regions
where do continental glaciers form?
colder climates, large land areas
where are the two continental glaciers located?
Greenland, Antarctica
what is cirque?
bowl shaped basin
what is arete?
where 2 adjacent valley glaciers meet , erode a long, sharp ridgeline
what is horn in a mountainous region?
sharpened peaks
what shape of valley do valley glaciers form?
U shaped valleys
what are tributary glaciers?
small glaciers that feed into large glaciers
what type of valleys do tributary glaciers form?
hanging valleys
which side of the sand dom does erosion occur?
windward side
which side does deposition occurs on?
leeward side
what is deflation?
removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind
what is desert pavement?
small particals are removed, the remaning surface
what three things do to wind shap and sizes of land forms?
wind speed, amount of time wind blows, sediment supply
what three land forms that are created do to wave erosion
coastal cliffs, sea arches, sea stracks
what are two land forms created from wave erosion
sand bars, sand spits
what is a sand bar
landforms that are parallel to the shoreline
what are snad spits
similar to snad bars but corves back in
what are exzamplies are a rock slid
rock slides, mudflowers, landslides
process by which water enters earths and becomes ground water
infiltration
upper boundary of the saturated zone
water table
rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space
aquifer
percentage of the materials total volume that is pore space
porosity
process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism an objuect or an event
absolute dating
processof placing objects or events in their proper oder in time
relative dating
the present is the key to the past
uniformitarianism
undisturbed sequence of sedimentsry rock lsyers the yongest rocks will be on top and the odest rocks will be on bottom
principle of superposition
gaps in the rocks record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent
unconformity
the remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rovk records
fossil
what percentage of water on Earth is salt water
97%
what percentage of water on Earth is freshwater?
3%
Where is the majority of freshwater found?
glaciers
where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found?
lakes, rivers, underground water
what is precipitation?
when water vapor cools and condenses, Ex: rain, snow, sleet, hail
what is runoff?
water running off land surface
what is infiltration?
water enters the earths surface and becomes ground water
what is transpiration?
water vapor coming out of leaves of plants
what is evaporation?
whater enters atmosphere as water vapor
what is condenation?
when water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules to form water droplets
what is the water cycle?
water from land goes in to the atmosphere and then goes back to land
what is an unssturated zone for gourndwater storage?
porous are where water easily passes through
what is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?
beneath the unsaturated zone, where water completely fills the pore space
what is water table?
upper boundary of the saturated zone
what does it mean if sediment is permeable?
the more permeable there is the easier it is for water to pass through
what is an aquifer?
rock unit that can transfer water through its pore
what is ther name of the Great Plains Aquifer?
Ogallal Aquifer
how many states does the Great Plains Aquifer run through?
8 states South Dakota Wyoming Nebrasks, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas
what are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer runs through?
whar is an aquitard?
imprmable layer the holds confinded water
how are water springs formed?
water table naturally meets earths surface
what is an artesian well?
aquifer is sandwiched between auitards
what is cone of depression?
the drection that the water flows down to the well
