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phisical science > ch 27.1- 27.4 > Flashcards

ch 27.1- 27.4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

weathering

A

process involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materiald on earths surface

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2
Q

soil

A

mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

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3
Q

erosion

A

removal of surface material through the process of weathering

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4
Q

sediment transport

A

gravity move eroded materiald from one place to another in process during rocks weather, erosional agent likebwater, ice, wind

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5
Q

deposition

A

erosional agent slows down, or melts, it drops this sediment load in a process

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6
Q

draimage basin

A

land area that gathers water for a major river

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7
Q

longshore current

A

movement of water parallel to the sshoreline

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8
Q

do rocks weather at the same rate?

A

no they weather at different rates due to rock type and landscape

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9
Q

what are the two main factors that determaine how fast a rock will wearther?

A

rock type , landscape

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10
Q

what are the two types of weathering?

A

mechanical, chemical

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11
Q

what type of change happends with mechanical weathering?

A

physical changes

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12
Q

what type of chan ge happends with chemical weathering?

A

chemical changes

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13
Q

what ared the 3 types of mechanical?

A

frost wedging, biological activity, collisions

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14
Q

what causes frost wedging?

A

water gets collected in cracts of rocks, freezes

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15
Q

what is the cycle called during frost wedging?

A

water gets collected in cracts of rocks, freezes then brakes rocks

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16
Q

what cause biological activity?

A

plants and animals

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17
Q

what causes weathering during collisions?

A

rock falls from a cliff, tumble throught turbulent rivers

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18
Q

what is parent material?

A

is where soil is formed

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19
Q

whar are the 2 types of chemical weathering caused by?

A

oxygen, water

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20
Q

what is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen?

A

oxidation

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21
Q

what is the chemical process called that is caused by water?

A

hydrolysis

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22
Q

what are soil horizons?

A

different layers of soil

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23
Q

how many soil horizons there?

A

6

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24
Q

true or false. all soils contain every soil horizon?

A

fals

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25
Q

what are the specific soil horizon contain?

A

O,A,E,B,C,R

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26
Q

what does the first soil horizon contain?

A

organic material

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27
Q

what is the second horizon mosly made up of?

A

minerals

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28
Q

which layer does leaching occur?

A

E

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29
Q

which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?horizen B

A

B

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30
Q

which layer is partially weathering bedrock?

A

C

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31
Q

which layer is unweathered bedrock?

A
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32
Q

which soil horizons make up the topsoil?

A
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33
Q

which soil horizons make up the subsoil?

A
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34
Q

which soil horizons make up the true soil?

A
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35
Q

If the slope of the river decreses what happens to the speed of the river?

A

decreases

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36
Q

what are small streams the flow into larger rivers?

A

tributaries

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37
Q

land area that gathers water for a major river is called?

A

drainage basin

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38
Q

a boundary that separates distinct drainage basins is called?

A

drainage divide

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39
Q

as watedr flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earth’s surface creating?

A

channels

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40
Q

young rivers are blank due to the fast movement?

A

V-shaped

41
Q

Black river are wide with smooth and gentle slopes

A

Mature

42
Q

when rivers flood and drop their sediment load which type of land form is created?

A

flood plains

43
Q

what is a fan shape sediment deposit that forms at the maouth of the river?

A

deltas

44
Q

what are destributaries?

A

braching channals within daltas

45
Q

what land form forms where the mouth of the river or steam enters dry land?

A

Alluvial Fans

46
Q

what are the two types of glaciers?

A

valley glaciers, continental glaciers

47
Q

where do valley glaciers form?

A

high mountainous regions

48
Q

where do continental glaciers form?

A

colder climates, large land areas

49
Q

where are the two continental glaciers located?

A

Greenland, Antarctica

50
Q

what is cirque?

A

bowl shaped basin

51
Q

what is arete?

A

where 2 adjacent valley glaciers meet , erode a long, sharp ridgeline

52
Q

what is horn in a mountainous region?

A

sharpened peaks

53
Q

what shape of valley do valley glaciers form?

A

U shaped valleys

54
Q

what are tributary glaciers?

A

small glaciers that feed into large glaciers

55
Q

what type of valleys do tributary glaciers form?

A

hanging valleys

56
Q

which side of the sand dom does erosion occur?

A

windward side

57
Q

which side does deposition occurs on?

A

leeward side

58
Q

what is deflation?

A

removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind

59
Q

what is desert pavement?

A

small particals are removed, the remaning surface

60
Q

what three things do to wind shap and sizes of land forms?

A

wind speed, amount of time wind blows, sediment supply

61
Q

what three land forms that are created do to wave erosion

A

coastal cliffs, sea arches, sea stracks

62
Q

what are two land forms created from wave erosion

A

sand bars, sand spits

63
Q

what is a sand bar

A

landforms that are parallel to the shoreline

64
Q

what are snad spits

A

similar to snad bars but corves back in

65
Q

what are exzamplies are a rock slid

A

rock slides, mudflowers, landslides

66
Q

process by which water enters earths and becomes ground water

A

infiltration

67
Q

upper boundary of the saturated zone

A

water table

68
Q

rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

A

aquifer

69
Q

percentage of the materials total volume that is pore space

A

porosity

70
Q

process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism an objuect or an event

A

absolute dating

71
Q

processof placing objects or events in their proper oder in time

A

relative dating

72
Q

the present is the key to the past

A

uniformitarianism

73
Q

undisturbed sequence of sedimentsry rock lsyers the yongest rocks will be on top and the odest rocks will be on bottom

A

principle of superposition

74
Q

gaps in the rocks record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent

A

unconformity

75
Q

the remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rovk records

A

fossil

76
Q

what percentage of water on Earth is salt water

A

97%

77
Q

what percentage of water on Earth is freshwater?

A

3%

78
Q

Where is the majority of freshwater found?

A

glaciers

79
Q

where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found?

A

lakes, rivers, underground water

80
Q

what is precipitation?

A

when water vapor cools and condenses, Ex: rain, snow, sleet, hail

81
Q

what is runoff?

A

water running off land surface

82
Q

what is infiltration?

A

water enters the earths surface and becomes ground water

83
Q

what is transpiration?

A

water vapor coming out of leaves of plants

84
Q

what is evaporation?

A

whater enters atmosphere as water vapor

85
Q

what is condenation?

A

when water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules to form water droplets

86
Q

what is the water cycle?

A

water from land goes in to the atmosphere and then goes back to land

87
Q

what is an unssturated zone for gourndwater storage?

A

porous are where water easily passes through

88
Q

what is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

beneath the unsaturated zone, where water completely fills the pore space

89
Q

what is water table?

A

upper boundary of the saturated zone

90
Q

what does it mean if sediment is permeable?

A

the more permeable there is the easier it is for water to pass through

91
Q

what is an aquifer?

A

rock unit that can transfer water through its pore

92
Q

what is ther name of the Great Plains Aquifer?

A

Ogallal Aquifer

93
Q

how many states does the Great Plains Aquifer run through?

A

8 states South Dakota Wyoming Nebrasks, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas

94
Q

what are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer runs through?

A
95
Q

whar is an aquitard?

A

imprmable layer the holds confinded water

96
Q

how are water springs formed?

A

water table naturally meets earths surface

97
Q

what is an artesian well?

A

aquifer is sandwiched between auitards

98
Q

what is cone of depression?

A

the drection that the water flows down to the well

phisical science (6 decks)

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