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Biology > Ch. 27 - Animals > Flashcards

Ch. 27 - Animals Flashcards

1
Q

When did animals originate?

A

700 mill years ago

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2
Q

edicaran biota

A

an early group of soft-bodied multicellular eukaryotes that make up the earliest fossils

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3
Q

sponges are what phylum?

A

porifera

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4
Q

filter feeders

A

they filter out food particles suspended in the water as they draw it through their body

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5
Q

basal animals

A

lie near the root of the phylogenetic tree

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6
Q

tissues

A

groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit

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7
Q

choanocytes

A

collar cells, flagellated feeding cells found in sponges

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8
Q

amoebocytes

A

named for the use of pseudopodia, cells that move around the sponge body and transfer food and carry the nutrients to cells

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9
Q

cnidarians

A

jellies, etc

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10
Q

eumetazoans

A

true animals, members of a clade of animals that have tissues

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11
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

a cavity with a single opening in the body of certain animals that functions in both the digestion and distribution of nutrients, both a mouth and anus

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12
Q

bilaterians

A

an enormous clade whose members have a complete digestive tract and a two-sided bilaterally symmetric form

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13
Q

body plan

A

a particular set of morphological and developmental traits

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14
Q

radial symmetry

A

symmetry in which the body is shaped like a pie or barrel, lacking a left and right side

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15
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

animal has two axes of orientation

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16
Q

dorsal

A

top

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17
Q

ventral

A

bottom

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18
Q

anterior

A

front

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19
Q

posterior

20
Q

ectoderm

A

the outermost germ layer that gives rise to the outer covering and sometimes the nervous system, inner ear and lens of the eye

21
Q

endoderm

A

innermost germ layer, gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract/cavity and organs such as the liver and lungs in vertebrates

22
Q

mesoderm

A

the middle germ layer, only in bilaterates, forms the muscles and other organs between the digestive tract and outer covering

23
Q

body cavity

A

a fluid or air filled space located between the digestive tract and outer body wall

24
Q

arthropod

A

a segmented, molting bilateral animal with a hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages

25
Q

95% of animals are

A

invertebrates

26
Q

chordates

A

bilateral animals in Deuterostomia, animals that at some point during their development have a notochord, a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, and a muscular, post-anal tail

27
Q

notochord

A

a flexible rod that provides skeletal support

28
Q

dorsal, hollow nerve cord

A

a structure that develops into the brain and spinal cord

29
Q

pharyngeal slits/clefts

A

structures that function in filter feeding, like gills or as parts of the head

30
Q

gnathostomes

A

jawless vertebrates, only two lineages survive today, hagfishes and lampreys

31
Q

chondrichthyans

A

vertebrates with skeletons made mostly of cartilage, ex. sharks and rays

32
Q

ray-finned fishes

A

member of the class actinopterygii, aquatic osteichthyans with fins supported by long, flexible rays, ex. tuna/bass/herring

33
Q

lobe-fins

A

clade osteichthyans, having rod-shaped muscular fins, the group includes coelacanths, lungfishes and tetrapods

34
Q

tetrapods

A

vertebrates with limbs and digits, once they got on land

35
Q

cuticle

A

an exoskeleton constructed from layers of protein and chitin, the body is completely covered by this

36
Q

amphibian

A

member of the tetrapod class amphibia, ex. salamander, frog, etc

37
Q

amniotes

A

a group of tetrapods whose extant members are reptiles and mammals

38
Q

amniotic egg

A

an egg that contains specialized membranes that functions in protection, nourishment and gas exchange

39
Q

what are the four membranes of the amniotic egg

A

amnion, chorion, yolk sac and allantois

40
Q

reptiles

A

the clade of amniotes that includes lizards, snakes, turtles, birds, etc

41
Q

ectothermic

A

they absorb external heat as their main source of body heat

42
Q

endothermic

A

capable of maintaining body temperature through metabolic activity

43
Q

mammals

A

amniotes that have hair and mammary glands

44
Q

synapsids

A

a member of an amniote clade distinguished by a single hole on each side of the skull

45
Q

monotremes

A

egg-laying mammals

46
Q

marsupials

A

mammals with a pouch

47
Q

eutherians

A

placental mammals

Biology (8 decks)

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