Ch. 25 - Eukaryotes

Question 1

Protist

Answer 1

An informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant animal or fungus. Most are unicellular but some are colonial or multicellular.

Question 2

eukaryotic cells have…

Answer 2

a nucleus, other membrane-enclosed organelles (mitochondria) and the golgi apparatus and cytoskeleton

Question 3

what are membrane-enclosed organelles used for?

Answer 3

provide specific locations where certain cellular functions are accomplished

Question 4

what does a cytoskeleton do?

Answer 4

provides structural support that enables asymmetric forms, allows them to change shape

Question 5

when did multicellular eukaryotes evolve?

Answer 5

600 mill years ago

Question 6

are eukaryotes more closely related to archaea or bacteria?

Answer 6

neither, equally related due to endosymbiosis

Question 7

endosymbiosis

Answer 7

a mutually beneficial relationship between two species in which one organisms lives inside the cell or cells of another organism

Question 8

endosymbiont theory

Answer 8

that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells

Question 9

endosymbiont

Answer 9

a cell that lives within another cell, the other called the host cell

Question 10

what were mitochondria supposedly before they became organelles?

Answer 10

proteobacterium

Question 11

secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 11

when red alga and green alga were ingested and became endosymbionts

Question 12

colonies

Answer 12

a group of eukaryotic cells that live together but show little or no different between cells

Question 13

how many times didn’t multicellularity evolve?

Answer 13

algae, plants, fungi and animals all evolved separately

Question 14

excavata

Answer 14

one of the four supergroups of eukaryotes that has unique cytoskeleton features and some species have an excavated feeding groove on one side of the cell body, no plastids and have mitochondria, are anaerobic

Question 15

diplomonads

Answer 15

have reduced mitochondria called mitosomes, can’t use oxygen, many are parasites, have flagella

Question 16

parabasalids

Answer 16

have reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes, generate anaerobically

Question 17

euglenozoans

Answer 17

have a rod with either a spiral or crystalline structured flagella

Question 18

euglenid

Answer 18

have a pocket at one end where flagella emerge, perform photosynthesis when sunlight is available or they can become heterotrophic when needed

Question 19

kinetoplastid

Answer 19

has a single large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called kinetoplast

Question 20

what does SAR stand for in the clade?

Answer 20

stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians

Question 21

diatoms

Answer 21

a stramenopile, unicellular algae that have unique glass-like wall made of silicon dioxide embedded in an organic matrix

Question 22

brown algae

Answer 22

stramenopiles, largest and most complex of all algae, multicellular and mostly marine, seaweeds

Question 23

holdfast

Answer 23

anchors the algae

Question 24

stipe

Answer 24

supporting, stemlike

Question 25

blades

Answer 25

leaflike

Question 26

alveolates

Answer 26

membrane-enclosed sacs under the plasma membrane

Question 27

dinoflagellates

Answer 27

alveolate, have two flagella, use cellulose plates to reinforce cells, half are purely heterotrophic and mixotrophs, produce fatal toxins, red tide

Question 28

mixotroph

Answer 28

organisms that combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

Question 29

ciliates

Answer 29

alveolate, large group of protists that use cilia to move and feed

Question 30

rhizarians

Answer 30

mostly amoebas

Question 31

amoeba

Answer 31

protists that move and feed by means of pseudopodia

Question 32

pseudopodia

Answer 32

extension that may bulge from almost anywhere on the cell surface

Question 33

forams

Answer 33

rhizarians, named for their porous shells, called test, nourishment from algae that live in them

Question 34

tests

Answer 34

a single piece of organic material hardened with calcium carbonate

Question 35

cercozoans

Answer 35

rhizarian, amoeboid and flagellated protists that feed with threadlike pseudopodia, water and soil ecosystems, many are parasites

Question 36

archaeplastids

Answer 36

red/green algae and land plants make up this clade

Question 37

red algae

Answer 37

photosynthetic protists named after the color of phycoerytherin that covers the green of chlorophyll

Question 38

green algae

Answer 38

named bc green chloroplasts, closely related to plants

Question 39

unikonts

Answer 39

extremely diverse group that includes animals, fungi and some protists

Question 40

amoebozoan

Answer 40

clade that includes amoebas with tube shaped pseudopodia

Question 41

gymnamoebas

Answer 41

free-living, unicellular predators and scavengers

Question 42

slime molds

Answer 42

produce fruiting bodies and spore dispersal (analogous to fungi)

Question 43

life cycle of slime molds

Answer 43

feeding stage - aggregate cells - fruiting body - cells reproduce

Question 44

opisthokonts

Answer 44

extremely diverse group of eukaryotes that includes animal, fungi and several groups of protists

Question 45

producers

Answer 45

organisms that use energy from light to convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds

Question 46

apicomplexans

Answer 46

a protists in a clade that includes many species that parasitizes animals and can cause human disease (ex. malaria)