Ch. 26 - Plants And Fungi

Question 1

When were plants and fungi established on land?

Answer 1

500 mill years

Question 2

what algae are most closely related to plants?

Answer 2

charophytes

Question 3

sporopollenin

Answer 3

a polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

Question 4

embryophytes

Answer 4

alternate name for land plants that refers to their shared derived traits of multicellular, dependent embryos

Question 5

alternation of generations

Answer 5

a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte, characteristic of plants and some algae (land)

Question 6

sporophyte

Answer 6

spore producing plant

Question 7

spores

Answer 7

reproductive cells that can develop into a new haploid organism without fusing with another cell

Question 8

sporangia

Answer 8

the sporophyte stage of the cycle has multicellular organs, the sporopollenin makes the walls of spores tougher

Question 9

apical merstems

Answer 9

localized regions of cell devision at the tips of roots and shoots

Question 10

cuticle

Answer 10

covering of the epidermis that consists of wax and other polymers, prevents water loss

Question 11

stomata

Answer 11

specialized spores that support photosynthesis by allowing the exchange of CO2 and O2 between the air and plant

Question 12

did plants or fungi colonize land first

Answer 12

it’s believed that fungi did

Question 13

fungal nutrition

Answer 13

fungi are heterotrophs, they feed by absorption

Question 14

chitin

Answer 14

a polysaccharide found in cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of arthropods to strengthen the wall and allow it to be flexible

Question 15

yeast

Answer 15

single celled fungi

Question 16

hyphae

Answer 16

filament networks, have tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm

Question 17

mycelium

Answer 17

an interwoven mass that gets the material the fungi feeds on

Question 18

haustoria

Answer 18

used by fungi to extract nutrients from or exchange with plant hosts

Question 19

mycorrhizae

Answer 19

a mutually beneficial relationship between these fungi and plant roots

Question 20

ectomycorrhizal fungi

Answer 20

form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of the root and grow into spaces of the root cortex

Question 21

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Answer 21

extend hyphae through the root cell wall

Question 22

How do fungi reproduce?

Answer 22

both sexually and asexually

Question 23

plasmogamy

Answer 23

in sexual reproduction, cytoplasms of two parent mycelia fuse

Question 24

karyogamy

Answer 24

in sexual reproduction, next stage where the haploid nuclei fuse and produce diploid cells

Question 25

nucleariids

Answer 25

amoebas that feed on algae and bacteria, similar to the unicellular protists fungi evolved from

Question 26

chytrids

Answer 26

found in lakes and soil, closest to the earliest fungal groups

Question 27

zygomycetes

Answer 27

molds that grow in fruits and bread, are decomposers

Question 28

glomeromycetes

Answer 28

form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plant roots

Question 29

ascomycetes

Answer 29

sac fungi, commonly marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats

Question 30

basidiomycetes

Answer 30

club fungi, have a long heterokaryotic stage with two nuclei and have fruiting bodies called, mushrooms

Question 31

vascular plants

Answer 31

plants that have a complex vascular tissue system

Question 32

vascular tissue system

Answer 32

cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body

Question 33

bryophytes

Answer 33

name for plants with no transport system or vascular tissue

Question 34

rhizoid

Answer 34

a tubular single cell or filament that anchors the plant to the group

Question 35

seedless vascular plants

Answer 35

first plants to grow tall

Question 36

lycophytes

Answer 36

club mosses

Question 37

monilophytes

Answer 37

ferns

Question 38

seedless vascular plants

Answer 38

the two plant clades that lack seeds

Question 39

xylem

Answer 39

conducts most water and minerals, contains tracheids and is made of lignin

Question 40

tracheids

Answer 40

tube-shaped cells that carry water and minerals up from the roots

Question 41

lignin

Answer 41

polymer to strengthen the cell walls, helps plants grow tall

Question 42

phloem

Answer 42

cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids and other organic products

Question 43

roots

Answer 43

organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil and anchor vascular plants

Question 44

leaves

Answer 44

increase surface area and are good for photosynthesis

Question 45

microphylls

Answer 45

small, spine shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vascular tissue, only found in lycophytes

Question 46

megaphylls

Answer 46

leaves with a highly branched vascular system

Question 47

when did seed plants emerge?

Answer 47

360 mill years ago

Question 48

seed

Answer 48

consists of an embryo and its food supply, surrounded by a protextive coat

Question 49

gymnosperms

Answer 49

pines and their relatives, seeds are not enclosed in chambers

Question 50

angiosperms

Answer 50

flowering plants, develop inside chambers called ovaries

Question 51

integument

Answer 51

layer of sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule

Question 52

ovule

Answer 52

the structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte

Question 53

pollen grain

Answer 53

a male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall

Question 54

pollination

Answer 54

basically plant fertilization, transfer of pollen to the ovules

Question 55

conifers

Answer 55

member of the largest gymnosperm phylum, most are cone-bearing trees

Question 56

flower

Answer 56

a specialized shoot with up to four sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction

Question 57

sepals

Answer 57

usually green and enclose the flower before it opens

Question 58

petals

Answer 58

interior to sepals brightly colored in most flowers and aid in attracting pollinators

Question 59

stamens

Answer 59

produce pollen grains, filament and anther, where the pollen is produced

Question 60

carpels

Answer 60

make ovules, at the tip is a stick stigma that receives pollen

Question 61

ovary

Answer 61

contains one or more ovules, at the base of the carpel

Question 62

fruit

Answer 62

carries the seed and makes it more desirable to animals that might carry it

Question 63

lichen

Answer 63

a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic microorganism

Question 64

endophytes

Answer 64

fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts without causing harm