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Biology > Ch. 26 - Plants And Fungi > Flashcards

Ch. 26 - Plants And Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

When were plants and fungi established on land?

A

500 mill years

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2
Q

what algae are most closely related to plants?

A

charophytes

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3
Q

sporopollenin

A

a polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

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4
Q

embryophytes

A

alternate name for land plants that refers to their shared derived traits of multicellular, dependent embryos

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5
Q

alternation of generations

A

a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte, characteristic of plants and some algae (land)

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6
Q

sporophyte

A

spore producing plant

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7
Q

spores

A

reproductive cells that can develop into a new haploid organism without fusing with another cell

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8
Q

sporangia

A

the sporophyte stage of the cycle has multicellular organs, the sporopollenin makes the walls of spores tougher

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9
Q

apical merstems

A

localized regions of cell devision at the tips of roots and shoots

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10
Q

cuticle

A

covering of the epidermis that consists of wax and other polymers, prevents water loss

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11
Q

stomata

A

specialized spores that support photosynthesis by allowing the exchange of CO2 and O2 between the air and plant

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12
Q

did plants or fungi colonize land first

A

it’s believed that fungi did

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13
Q

fungal nutrition

A

fungi are heterotrophs, they feed by absorption

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14
Q

chitin

A

a polysaccharide found in cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of arthropods to strengthen the wall and allow it to be flexible

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15
Q

yeast

A

single celled fungi

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16
Q

hyphae

A

filament networks, have tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm

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17
Q

mycelium

A

an interwoven mass that gets the material the fungi feeds on

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18
Q

haustoria

A

used by fungi to extract nutrients from or exchange with plant hosts

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19
Q

mycorrhizae

A

a mutually beneficial relationship between these fungi and plant roots

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20
Q

ectomycorrhizal fungi

A

form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of the root and grow into spaces of the root cortex

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21
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

A

extend hyphae through the root cell wall

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22
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

both sexually and asexually

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23
Q

plasmogamy

A

in sexual reproduction, cytoplasms of two parent mycelia fuse

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24
Q

karyogamy

A

in sexual reproduction, next stage where the haploid nuclei fuse and produce diploid cells

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25
Q

nucleariids

A

amoebas that feed on algae and bacteria, similar to the unicellular protists fungi evolved from

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26
Q

chytrids

A

found in lakes and soil, closest to the earliest fungal groups

27
Q

zygomycetes

A

molds that grow in fruits and bread, are decomposers

28
Q

glomeromycetes

A

form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plant roots

29
Q

ascomycetes

A

sac fungi, commonly marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats

30
Q

basidiomycetes

A

club fungi, have a long heterokaryotic stage with two nuclei and have fruiting bodies called, mushrooms

31
Q

vascular plants

A

plants that have a complex vascular tissue system

32
Q

vascular tissue system

A

cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body

33
Q

bryophytes

A

name for plants with no transport system or vascular tissue

34
Q

rhizoid

A

a tubular single cell or filament that anchors the plant to the group

35
Q

seedless vascular plants

A

first plants to grow tall

36
Q

lycophytes

A

club mosses

37
Q

monilophytes

A

ferns

38
Q

seedless vascular plants

A

the two plant clades that lack seeds

39
Q

xylem

A

conducts most water and minerals, contains tracheids and is made of lignin

40
Q

tracheids

A

tube-shaped cells that carry water and minerals up from the roots

41
Q

lignin

A

polymer to strengthen the cell walls, helps plants grow tall

42
Q

phloem

A

cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids and other organic products

43
Q

roots

A

organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil and anchor vascular plants

44
Q

leaves

A

increase surface area and are good for photosynthesis

45
Q

microphylls

A

small, spine shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vascular tissue, only found in lycophytes

46
Q

megaphylls

A

leaves with a highly branched vascular system

47
Q

when did seed plants emerge?

A

360 mill years ago

48
Q

seed

A

consists of an embryo and its food supply, surrounded by a protextive coat

49
Q

gymnosperms

A

pines and their relatives, seeds are not enclosed in chambers

50
Q

angiosperms

A

flowering plants, develop inside chambers called ovaries

51
Q

integument

A

layer of sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule

52
Q

ovule

A

the structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte

53
Q

pollen grain

A

a male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall

54
Q

pollination

A

basically plant fertilization, transfer of pollen to the ovules

55
Q

conifers

A

member of the largest gymnosperm phylum, most are cone-bearing trees

56
Q

flower

A

a specialized shoot with up to four sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction

57
Q

sepals

A

usually green and enclose the flower before it opens

58
Q

petals

A

interior to sepals brightly colored in most flowers and aid in attracting pollinators

59
Q

stamens

A

produce pollen grains, filament and anther, where the pollen is produced

60
Q

carpels

A

make ovules, at the tip is a stick stigma that receives pollen

61
Q

ovary

A

contains one or more ovules, at the base of the carpel

62
Q

fruit

A

carries the seed and makes it more desirable to animals that might carry it

63
Q

lichen

A

a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic microorganism

64
Q

endophytes

A

fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts without causing harm

Biology (8 decks)

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