Ch. 26 - Plants And Fungi Flashcards
When were plants and fungi established on land?
500 mill years
what algae are most closely related to plants?
charophytes
sporopollenin
a polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out
embryophytes
alternate name for land plants that refers to their shared derived traits of multicellular, dependent embryos
alternation of generations
a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte, characteristic of plants and some algae (land)
sporophyte
spore producing plant
spores
reproductive cells that can develop into a new haploid organism without fusing with another cell
sporangia
the sporophyte stage of the cycle has multicellular organs, the sporopollenin makes the walls of spores tougher
apical merstems
localized regions of cell devision at the tips of roots and shoots
cuticle
covering of the epidermis that consists of wax and other polymers, prevents water loss
stomata
specialized spores that support photosynthesis by allowing the exchange of CO2 and O2 between the air and plant
did plants or fungi colonize land first
it’s believed that fungi did
fungal nutrition
fungi are heterotrophs, they feed by absorption
chitin
a polysaccharide found in cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of arthropods to strengthen the wall and allow it to be flexible
yeast
single celled fungi
hyphae
filament networks, have tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm
mycelium
an interwoven mass that gets the material the fungi feeds on
haustoria
used by fungi to extract nutrients from or exchange with plant hosts
mycorrhizae
a mutually beneficial relationship between these fungi and plant roots
ectomycorrhizal fungi
form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of the root and grow into spaces of the root cortex
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
extend hyphae through the root cell wall
How do fungi reproduce?
both sexually and asexually
plasmogamy
in sexual reproduction, cytoplasms of two parent mycelia fuse
karyogamy
in sexual reproduction, next stage where the haploid nuclei fuse and produce diploid cells
nucleariids
amoebas that feed on algae and bacteria, similar to the unicellular protists fungi evolved from
chytrids
found in lakes and soil, closest to the earliest fungal groups
zygomycetes
molds that grow in fruits and bread, are decomposers
glomeromycetes
form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plant roots
ascomycetes
sac fungi, commonly marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats
basidiomycetes
club fungi, have a long heterokaryotic stage with two nuclei and have fruiting bodies called, mushrooms
vascular plants
plants that have a complex vascular tissue system
vascular tissue system
cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body
bryophytes
name for plants with no transport system or vascular tissue
rhizoid
a tubular single cell or filament that anchors the plant to the group
seedless vascular plants
first plants to grow tall
lycophytes
club mosses
monilophytes
ferns
seedless vascular plants
the two plant clades that lack seeds
xylem
conducts most water and minerals, contains tracheids and is made of lignin
tracheids
tube-shaped cells that carry water and minerals up from the roots
lignin
polymer to strengthen the cell walls, helps plants grow tall
phloem
cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids and other organic products
roots
organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil and anchor vascular plants
leaves
increase surface area and are good for photosynthesis
microphylls
small, spine shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vascular tissue, only found in lycophytes
megaphylls
leaves with a highly branched vascular system
when did seed plants emerge?
360 mill years ago
seed
consists of an embryo and its food supply, surrounded by a protextive coat
gymnosperms
pines and their relatives, seeds are not enclosed in chambers
angiosperms
flowering plants, develop inside chambers called ovaries
integument
layer of sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule
ovule
the structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte
pollen grain
a male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall
pollination
basically plant fertilization, transfer of pollen to the ovules
conifers
member of the largest gymnosperm phylum, most are cone-bearing trees
flower
a specialized shoot with up to four sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction
sepals
usually green and enclose the flower before it opens
petals
interior to sepals brightly colored in most flowers and aid in attracting pollinators
stamens
produce pollen grains, filament and anther, where the pollen is produced
carpels
make ovules, at the tip is a stick stigma that receives pollen
ovary
contains one or more ovules, at the base of the carpel
fruit
carries the seed and makes it more desirable to animals that might carry it
lichen
a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic microorganism
endophytes
fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts without causing harm
