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Biology > Ch. 24 - Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Ch. 24 - Prokaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

An informal term for single called organisms in domains bacteria and archaea

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2
Q

When was life created

A

About 3.5 bill years ago

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3
Q

When did eukaryotes appear?

A

1.8 years ago

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4
Q

Four stages to produce life

A
  1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
  2. Joining the small molecule into macromolecules
  3. Packaging these molecules into protocells
  4. The origin of self replicating molecules making inheritance possible
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5
Q

Protocell

A

Droplets with membranes that maintain an internal chemistry different from their surrounding

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6
Q

What was the early atmosphere like?

A

Filled with nitrogen and oxides, mostly carbon dioxide

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7
Q

What was the oparin-haldene hypothesis?

A

The early atmosphere was a reducing environment where organic compounds can form simpler molecules.

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8
Q

What did Miller-Urey do?

A

Tested and legitimized the Oparin-Haldene hypothesis

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9
Q

What did Miller-Urey hypothesize?

A

The first organic compounds were formed near volcanoes and deep sea vents

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10
Q

Which was the first genetic material?

A

RNA

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11
Q

Ribozyme

A

and enzyme like protein that makes copies of pieces of RNA

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12
Q

What’s the difference between RNA and DNA shapes

A

DNA are double helix and RNA have 3D shapes

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13
Q

stromatolites

A

oldest fossils, layered rocks that formed from the activities of certain prokaryotes

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14
Q

what is the reason cyanobacteria had a big impact on the environment?

A

they release oxygen into the earth’s atmosphere

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15
Q

what is the purpose of a cell wall?

A

maintain cell shape, protects the cell, prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment

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16
Q

bacterial cell walls are made of what?

A

peptidoglycan

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17
Q

peptidogylcan

A

a polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides

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18
Q

gram-positive

A

simple walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan, stain purple

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19
Q

gram-negative

A

less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex, with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides, stain pink/orange/red

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20
Q

G+ or G- which is most likely to be toxic?

A

gram negative

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21
Q

G+ or G- which is most likely to be antibiotic resistant?

A

gram negative

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22
Q

capsule

A

a dense and well organized sticky cell wall

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23
Q

slime layer

A

an unorganized sticky cell wall

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24
Q

endospores

A

a dehydrated copy of a chromosome that can remain viable for centuries, often created when the prokaryotes life is at risk

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25
Q

fimbriae

A

hairlike appendages used to stick to the substrate or other prokaryotes

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26
Q

pili

A

appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer

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27
Q

taxi

A

a directed movement toward or away a stimulus

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28
Q

flagella

A

little tail like things that allow mobility in many cells

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29
Q

three parts of bacteria flagellum

A

motor, hook and filament

30
Q

exaptation

A

the process in which exxisting structures take on new functions through descent with modification

31
Q

do prokaryotes have organelles?

A

no

32
Q

how do prokaryotes perform metabolic functions?

A

specialized membranes

ex. a folded plasma membrane

33
Q

do prokaryotes have less DNA than eukaryotes?

A

ya

34
Q

to prokaryotes have a nucleus?

A

no

35
Q

nucleoid

A

a region of cytoplasm that is not enclosed by a member

36
Q

plasmid

A

smaller rings of independently replicating DNA molecules

37
Q

phototrophs

A

obtain energy from lights

38
Q

chemotrophs

A

obtain energy from chemicals

39
Q

autotrophs

A

need CO2 or related compounds as a carbon source

40
Q

heterotrophs

A

require an organic nutrient, like glucose, to make other organic compound

41
Q

obligate aerobes

A

must use O2 for cellular respiration

42
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

poisoned by O2 and live by fermentation

43
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

substances other than O2, such as nitrate and sulfate ions, accept elections at the “downhill” end of election transport chains

44
Q

facultatives anaerobes

A

use O2 if present but can also carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration if needed

45
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

46
Q

heterocysts

A

cells that carry out only nitrogen fixation

47
Q

biofilm

A

a surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation

48
Q

binary fission

A

a single prokaryotic cell divides into 2 cells

49
Q

genetic recombination

A

when genes of new prokaryote come from different places

50
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

movement of genes from one organism to another

51
Q

transformation

A

genotypic/phenotype are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from the surrounding

52
Q

transduction

A

viruses carry prokaryotic genes from one host to another

53
Q

conjugation

A

DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined

54
Q

f plasmid

A

plasmi form of the F factor

55
Q

f factor

A

the ability to form pili and donate DNA between prokaryotes

56
Q

r plasmids

A

genes from antibiotic bacteria were transferred to other bacteria

57
Q

extremophiles

A

lovers of extreme conditions, archaea

58
Q

extreme halophiles

A

live in high saline environments, need or tolerate salt

59
Q

extreme thermophiles

A

thrive in very hot environments

60
Q

methanogens

A

archaea that release methane as a by-product of obtaining energy

61
Q

decomposers

A

prokaryotes that absorb nutrients from organic material and converts them to inorganic forms

62
Q

symbiosis

A

an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact with each other

63
Q

host

A

the larger organism in symbiosis

64
Q

symbiont

A

the smaller organism

65
Q

mutualism

A

an interaction where both species benefit

66
Q

commensalism

A

where one species benefits and the other is not harmed or helped

67
Q

parasitism

A

where one species benefits and the other is harmed

68
Q

pathogen

A

a parasite that causes diseases

69
Q

exotoxins

A

proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms that cause illness

70
Q

endotoxins

A

on the outer membrane of G- bacteria that are only released when the bacteria die and their cell walls break down

71
Q

bioremediation

A

the use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems

Biology (8 decks)

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