Ch. 24 - Prokaryotes

Question 1

Prokaryotes

Answer 1

An informal term for single called organisms in domains bacteria and archaea

Question 2

When was life created

Answer 2

About 3.5 bill years ago

Question 3

When did eukaryotes appear?

Answer 3

1.8 years ago

Question 4

Four stages to produce life

Answer 4

1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
2. Joining the small molecule into macromolecules
3. Packaging these molecules into protocells
4. The origin of self replicating molecules making inheritance possible

Question 5

Protocell

Answer 5

Droplets with membranes that maintain an internal chemistry different from their surrounding

Question 6

What was the early atmosphere like?

Answer 6

Filled with nitrogen and oxides, mostly carbon dioxide

Question 7

What was the oparin-haldene hypothesis?

Answer 7

The early atmosphere was a reducing environment where organic compounds can form simpler molecules.

Question 8

What did Miller-Urey do?

Answer 8

Tested and legitimized the Oparin-Haldene hypothesis

Question 9

What did Miller-Urey hypothesize?

Answer 9

The first organic compounds were formed near volcanoes and deep sea vents

Question 10

Which was the first genetic material?

Answer 10

RNA

Question 11

Ribozyme

Answer 11

and enzyme like protein that makes copies of pieces of RNA

Question 12

What’s the difference between RNA and DNA shapes

Answer 12

DNA are double helix and RNA have 3D shapes

Question 13

stromatolites

Answer 13

oldest fossils, layered rocks that formed from the activities of certain prokaryotes

Question 14

what is the reason cyanobacteria had a big impact on the environment?

Answer 14

they release oxygen into the earth’s atmosphere

Question 15

what is the purpose of a cell wall?

Answer 15

maintain cell shape, protects the cell, prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment

Question 16

bacterial cell walls are made of what?

Answer 16

peptidoglycan

Question 17

peptidogylcan

Answer 17

a polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides

Question 18

gram-positive

Answer 18

simple walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan, stain purple

Question 19

gram-negative

Answer 19

less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex, with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides, stain pink/orange/red

Question 20

G+ or G- which is most likely to be toxic?

Answer 20

gram negative

Question 21

G+ or G- which is most likely to be antibiotic resistant?

Answer 21

gram negative

Question 22

capsule

Answer 22

a dense and well organized sticky cell wall

Question 23

slime layer

Answer 23

an unorganized sticky cell wall

Question 24

endospores

Answer 24

a dehydrated copy of a chromosome that can remain viable for centuries, often created when the prokaryotes life is at risk

Question 25

fimbriae

Answer 25

hairlike appendages used to stick to the substrate or other prokaryotes

Question 26

pili

Answer 26

appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer

Question 27

taxi

Answer 27

a directed movement toward or away a stimulus

Question 28

flagella

Answer 28

little tail like things that allow mobility in many cells

Question 29

three parts of bacteria flagellum

Answer 29

motor, hook and filament

Question 30

exaptation

Answer 30

the process in which exxisting structures take on new functions through descent with modification

Question 31

do prokaryotes have organelles?

Answer 31

no

Question 32

how do prokaryotes perform metabolic functions?

Answer 32

specialized membranes | ex. a folded plasma membrane

Question 33

do prokaryotes have less DNA than eukaryotes?

Answer 33

ya

Question 34

to prokaryotes have a nucleus?

Answer 34

no

Question 35

nucleoid

Answer 35

a region of cytoplasm that is not enclosed by a member

Question 36

plasmid

Answer 36

smaller rings of independently replicating DNA molecules

Question 37

phototrophs

Answer 37

obtain energy from lights

Question 38

chemotrophs

Answer 38

obtain energy from chemicals

Question 39

autotrophs

Answer 39

need CO2 or related compounds as a carbon source

Question 40

heterotrophs

Answer 40

require an organic nutrient, like glucose, to make other organic compound

Question 41

obligate aerobes

Answer 41

must use O2 for cellular respiration

Question 42

obligate anaerobes

Answer 42

poisoned by O2 and live by fermentation

Question 43

anaerobic respiration

Answer 43

substances other than O2, such as nitrate and sulfate ions, accept elections at the "downhill" end of election transport chains

Question 44

facultatives anaerobes

Answer 44

use O2 if present but can also carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration if needed

Question 45

nitrogen fixation

Answer 45

the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

Question 46

heterocysts

Answer 46

cells that carry out only nitrogen fixation

Question 47

biofilm

Answer 47

a surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation

Question 48

binary fission

Answer 48

a single prokaryotic cell divides into 2 cells

Question 49

genetic recombination

Answer 49

when genes of new prokaryote come from different places

Question 50

horizontal gene transfer

Answer 50

movement of genes from one organism to another

Question 51

transformation

Answer 51

genotypic/phenotype are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from the surrounding

Question 52

transduction

Answer 52

viruses carry prokaryotic genes from one host to another

Question 53

conjugation

Answer 53

DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined

Question 54

f plasmid

Answer 54

plasmi form of the F factor

Question 55

f factor

Answer 55

the ability to form pili and donate DNA between prokaryotes

Question 56

r plasmids

Answer 56

genes from antibiotic bacteria were transferred to other bacteria

Question 57

extremophiles

Answer 57

lovers of extreme conditions, archaea

Question 58

extreme halophiles

Answer 58

live in high saline environments, need or tolerate salt

Question 59

extreme thermophiles

Answer 59

thrive in very hot environments

Question 60

methanogens

Answer 60

archaea that release methane as a by-product of obtaining energy

Question 61

decomposers

Answer 61

prokaryotes that absorb nutrients from organic material and converts them to inorganic forms

Question 62

symbiosis

Answer 62

an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact with each other

Question 63

host

Answer 63

the larger organism in symbiosis

Question 64

symbiont

Answer 64

the smaller organism

Question 65

mutualism

Answer 65

an interaction where both species benefit

Question 66

commensalism

Answer 66

where one species benefits and the other is not harmed or helped

Question 67

parasitism

Answer 67

where one species benefits and the other is harmed

Question 68

pathogen

Answer 68

a parasite that causes diseases

Question 69

exotoxins

Answer 69

proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms that cause illness

Question 70

endotoxins

Answer 70

on the outer membrane of G- bacteria that are only released when the bacteria die and their cell walls break down

Question 71

bioremediation

Answer 71

the use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems