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BIO 211 > Ch. 27, 2, 3 - Metabolism > Flashcards

Ch. 27, 2, 3 - Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

metabolism

A

all biochemical reactions in living organisms.

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2
Q

Chemical reactions

A

occur when chemical bonds in existing molecular structures are broken and new bonds are formed. This is expressed as a chemical equation.

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3
Q

Reactants

A

Substances present prior to start of a chemical reaction and written on left side of equation

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4
Q

Products

A

substances formed by the reaction; written on right side of the equation.

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5
Q

balanced equation

A

an equation where the number of elements are equal on both sides.

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6
Q

Classification criteria for chemical reactions

A
  1. changes in chemical structure
  2. changes in chemical energy
  3. whether the reaction is reversible or not

These determine what kind of chemical reaction occurred (decomp, synthesis, exchange)

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7
Q

Decomposition reaction- catabolism

A

initial large molecule broken down into smaller structures. AB –> A + B

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8
Q

Synthesis reaction- anabolism

A

two or more structures combined to form larger structure A + B –> AB

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9
Q

Exchange reactions

A

Where two structures switch parts AB + CD –> AD + BC

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10
Q

Carbs

A

structurally classified as mono, di, or polysaccharides. when describing dietary sources they are classified as sugars, starch, and fiber.

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11
Q

Sugars

A

include the monosaccharides glucose, fructose, and galactose, and the disaccharides sucrose, lactose, maltose and dextrose.

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12
Q

Sucrose dietary sources

A

table sugar, syrup, fruit

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13
Q

Lactose dietary sources

A

milk sugar

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14
Q

Maltose dietary sources

A

cereals

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15
Q

Starch

A

polysaccharide polymer of glucose found in foods like tubers, grains, beans, and peas. Refined starches are sometimes used as thickeners like cornstarch.

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16
Q

Fiber

A

Carb that includes fibrous molecules of both plants and animals and cannot be digested. Comes from lentils, peas, beans, whole grain, oatmeal, berries, nuts. Simulates peristalsis and lowers cholesterol.

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17
Q

Glucose

A

6 carbon carb, most common monosaccharide and primary nutrient so level must be carefully maintained.

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18
Q

Glycogen

A

liver and skeletal muscle store excess glucose and bind glucose monomers together (glycogenesis) and can also form glucose from noncarb sources (gluconeogenesis). Glycogen can be broken down via glycogenolysis.

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19
Q

Hexose monosaccharides

A

glucose isomers (galactose, fructose)

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20
Q

five carbon monosaccharides

A

pentose sugars; ribose and deoxyribose

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21
Q

Lipids

A

fatty, water-insoluble molecules that function as stored energy, cellular membrane components and hormones. 4 main classes are triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and eicosanoids

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22
Q

Triglycerides

A

used for long-term energy storage. Formed from glycerol and three fatty acids. Fatty acids vary in length and number of double bonds. Adipose tissue stores triglycerides

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23
Q

Saturated fat

A

fatty acid that lacks double bonds

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24
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

fatty acid that has one double bond. liquid at room temp. generally healthier.

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25
Q

Polyunsaturated fat

A

fatty acid that has two or more double bonds. liquid at room temp and are found in certain oils such as soybean oil, corn oil, and safflower oil.

26
Q

Lipogenesis

A

formation of triglycerides when conditions of excess nutrients exist

27
Q

Lypolysis

A

breakdown of triglycerides when nutrients are needed.

28
Q

Phospholipids

A

amphipathic molecules that form chemical barriers of cell membranes. Has one end with a polar phosphate group such as glycerol, phosphate, or organic groups and form hydrophilic head and fatty acid group is nonpolar and forms hydrophobic tails.

29
Q

Steroids

A

Composed of hydrocarbons arranged in multi-ringed structure. There are 4 carbon rings, three have 6 carbon atoms and one has 5 carbon atoms. They differ in side chains extending from their rings. Includes Cholesterol, steroid hormones, and bile salts.

30
Q

Cholesterol

A

a steroid. component of animal plasma membranes and precursor to other steroid synthesis (steroid hormones, bile salts, vitamin d). Comes from diet or metabolic pathway in liver.

31
Q

Steroid hormones

A

testosterone and estrogen

32
Q

Eicosanoids

A

modified 20-carbon fatty acids synthesized from arachidonic acid (a membrane component). Primary functions include inflammation response and nervous system communication. Have four classes: prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.

33
Q

Most animal fats are…

A

saturated and solid at room temp.

34
Q

Most vegetable fats are…

A

liquid at room temp. and unsaturated. They tend to be healthier and can be converted to saturated fats through hydrogenation.

35
Q

Trans fats

A

partial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats. Increases the risk of heart attack and stroke.

36
Q

Cholesterol synthesis

A

synthesized by hepatocytes. Fatty acids are transported to liver and enter hepatocytes where they are broken down into two-carbon molecule called acetyl CoA through beta oxidation. Acetyl CoA turns into cholesterol using HMG-Coa reductase. Cholesterol is produced at basal level which varies among individuals and synthesis decreases with higher cholesterol intake.

37
Q

Cholesterol following synthesis

A

released into blood in very-low-density lipoproteins or synthesized into bile salts as part of bile.

38
Q

Bile salt reabsorption rate

A

90%. Other 10% is lost in feces.

39
Q

Transport of Lipids

A

VLDLs and LDLs are involved to transport lipids from liver to peripheral tissue.

40
Q

Very-low-density lipoproteins VLDLs

A

various types of lipids with protein. They are assembled within liver and released in blood. They circulate in blood and release triglycerides to peripheral tissues. They are primarily adipose tissue. After release of triglycerides, they become LDLs.

41
Q

Low-density lipoproteins LDLs

A

contain high amounts of cholesterol and deliver it to cells. Bind to LDL receptors in plasma membranes and are engulfed via endocytosis and the cholesterol is incorporated into the plasma membrane.

42
Q

High-density lipoproteins HDLs

A

Proteins formed in liver and released into blood without addition of lipid. They circulate the blood and fill with lipids from peripheral tissues. Like LDLs, HDLs also make cholesterol but it is not engulfed by cells. The lipids are then transported to the liver and excess cholesterol is converted to bile salts within liver.

43
Q

Blood Cholesterol Levels

A

High levels of LDLs or total cholesterol and low levels of HDL are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. above 200 mm/dl is considered high. LDLs considered bad cholesterol because excess is deposited on inner arterial walls

44
Q

Liver Metabolic functions

A

carb, protein, and lipid metabolism, transport of lipids, storage, and drug detox.

45
Q

Proteins

A

most structurally and functionally diverse molecules needed to replace worn out protein structures in body. Amount needed depends on age (children need more) and sex, as well as injury, stress, and pregnancy. 8 amino acids are essential and the other 12 can be synthesized by body.

46
Q

How many amino acids are there

A
  1. 8 cannot by synthesized.
47
Q

Protein functions

A

catalysts, defense, transport, support, movement, regulation, storage

48
Q

General Protein structure

A

one or more strands of amino acid monomers; each amino acid has an amine and carboxyl functional group both linked to the same carbon atom. That carbon is also covalently bonded to a hydrogen and different side chain structures called R groups. R groups distinguish aa’s from one another. AA’s are linked by peptide bonds.

49
Q

Peptide bond formation

A

formed during dehydration synthesis reaction between amine group of one amino acid and the carboxylic group of another. The H is lost from the amine group and the OH is lost from carboxylic acid.

50
Q

N- terminal end

A

end of polypeptide with free amine group

51
Q

C-terminal end

A

end of polypeptide with free carboxyl group.

52
Q

Oligopeptide

A

b/w 3 - 20 amino acids

53
Q

polypeptide

A

b/w 21 - 199 amino acids

54
Q

protein

A

more than 200 amino acids

55
Q

glycoproteins

A

proteins with carb attached. glycoproteins on erythrocytes determine ABO blood group.

56
Q

4 stages of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis, intermediate stage, citric acid cycle, electron transport system.

57
Q

glycolysis

A

anaerobic pathway occurring in cytoplasm. glucose is oxidized to 2 pyruvate molecules. 2 ATP and 2 NADH are formed. The pyruvate is converted to lactate if insufficient O2 is available.

58
Q

Intermediate phase

A

aerobic, in mitochondria. Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA and CO2 and NADH are formed.

59
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

acetyl CoA forms citric acid. CO2, ATP, FADH, and NADH are produced in each cycle.

60
Q

Electron transport chain

A

transfer of hydrogen and electron from NADH and FADH2. ATP formed through oxidative phosphorylation.

61
Q

Glycerol and Fatty acids in ATP production

A

glycerol enters pathway of glycolysis and is converted to glucose in liver. Carbons of fatty acids are removed to form acetyl CoA by beta oxidation and those molecules enter the citric acid cycle.

62
Q

amino acids and ATP production

A

may be used to generate ATP by removing the amine group by deamination. This occurs in liver hepatocytes and amine group is converted to urea and eliminated by kidneys. The remainder enters the metabolic pathway at different areas depending on the aa. It can enter glycolysis, intermediate, or citric acid cycle.

BIO 211 (15 decks)

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