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Physical Science > CH 27 > Flashcards

CH 27 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on earth’s surface

A

Weathering

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2
Q

A mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

A

Soil

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3
Q

The removal of surface material through the process of weathering

A

Erosion

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4
Q

As rocks weather, erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another in a process called…

A

Sediment transport

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5
Q

When the erosional agent slows down or melts , it drops this sediment load in a process called…

A

Deposition

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6
Q

The land area that gathers water for a major river

A

Drainage basin

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7
Q

The movement of water parallel to the shoreline

A

Longshore current

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8
Q

Weathering

A

The process of physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earth’s surface

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9
Q

Do rocks weather at the same rate?

A

No

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10
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

Rock type and landscape

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11
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A

Mechanical and chemical

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12
Q

What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

Physical changes

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13
Q

What type of change happens with chemical weathering?

A

Chemical

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14
Q

What are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?

A

Frost wedging, biological activity, and collision

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15
Q

What causes frost wedging?

A

When water collects in the cracks of rocks and freezes

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16
Q

What is the cycle called during frost wedging?

A

Freeze-Thaw Cycles

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17
Q

What causes biological activity?

A

Plant and animal activity

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18
Q

What causes weathering during collisions?

A

When rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical weathering caused by?

A

Oxygen and water

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20
Q

What is the chemical process called this is caused by oxygen?

A

Oxidation

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21
Q

What is the chemical process called that is caused by water?

A

Hydrolysis

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22
Q

What is parent material?

A

The material from which soil forms

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23
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

The different layers of soil

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24
Q

How many soil horizons are there?

A

6

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25
Q

True or false. All soils contain every soil horizon.

A

False

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26
Q

What are the specific soil horizons?

A

O, A, E, B, C, and R

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27
Q

What does the first soil horizon contain?

A

Organic material

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28
Q

What is the 2nd horizon mostly made of?

A

Minerals

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29
Q

Which layer does leaching occur?

A

Horizon E

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30
Q

Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?

A

Horizon B

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31
Q

Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?

A

Horizon C

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32
Q

Which layer is unweathered bedrock?

A

Horizon R

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33
Q

Which soil horizons make up the topsoil?

A

O and A

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34
Q

Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?

A

E and B

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35
Q

Which soil horizons make up the true soil?

A

O A B E

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36
Q

What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

A

Weathering is the breakdown of materials and erosion is the removal of surface material

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37
Q

If the slope of a river decreases, what will happen to the speed of the river?

A

The speed will decrease

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38
Q

What are tributaries?

A

Small streams that flow into larger rivers

39
Q

What is a drainage basin?

A

Land area that gathers water for a major river

40
Q

What is a drainage divide?

A

A boundary that separates distinct drainage basins

41
Q

What does water flowing downhill eroding earth’s surface create?

A

Channels

42
Q

Why are young rivers V-shaped?

A

Fast movement

43
Q

Wide rivers with smooth and gentle slopes are

A

Mature

44
Q

What type of land form is created when rivers flood and drop their sediment load?

A

Flood plains

45
Q

What is a fan shaped sediment deposit that forms at the mouth of a river called?

A

Deltas

46
Q

What are distributaries

A

Branching channels created by deltas

47
Q

What are the two types of glaciers?

A

Valley and Continental

48
Q

Where do valley glaciers form?

A

High mountainous regions

49
Q

Where do continental glaciers form?

A

Colder climates that occupy large land areas

50
Q

Where are the two continental glaciers located?

A

Greenland and Antarctica

51
Q

What is a cirque?

A

A bowl shaped basin

52
Q

What is an arete?

A

Long sharp ridgeline between valley glaciers

53
Q

What is a horn in a mountainous region?

A

Sharpened peaks

54
Q

What shape of valley do valley glaciers form?

A

U-shaped valleys

55
Q

What are tributary glaciers?

A

Small glaciers that feed into large glaciers

56
Q

What type of valley do tributary glaciers form?

A

Hanging valleys

57
Q

On which side of a sand dune does erosion occur?

A

Windward side

58
Q

What side of a sand dune does deposition occur?

A

Leeward side

59
Q

What is deflation

A

The removal of small particles by wind

60
Q

What is desert pavement?

A

The remaining surface when all small particles are removed

61
Q

The shape and sizes of land forms eroded by wind depends on what?

A

Wind speed
amount of time the wind blows
sediment supply

62
Q

What are three land forms created by wave erosion?

A

Coastal cliffs
Sea arches
Sea stacks

63
Q

What are two land forms created by land deposition?

A

Sand bar and sand spits

64
Q

What are some things that can cause mass wasting?

A

Snow, heavy rains, earthquakes, or human activity

65
Q

What are some examples of mass wasting?

A

Rock slides
mudflows
landslides

66
Q

What percent of water on Earth is salt water?

A

97%

67
Q

What percentage of water on Earth is freshwater?

A

3%

68
Q

Where is the majority of freshwater found?

A

In glaciers

69
Q

Where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found?

A

Lakes, rivers, and as ground water

70
Q

What is precipitation?

A

When water vapor in the air cools and condenses (rain, snow, sleet, and hail)

71
Q

What is a runoff?

A

Where water runs off the land surface

72
Q

What is infiltration?

A

The process by which water enters earth and becomes ground water

73
Q

What is transpiration?

A

When plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves

74
Q

What is evaporation?

A

When water enters the atmosphere as water vapor

75
Q

What is condensation?

A

When water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules to form water droplets

76
Q

What is the water cycle?

A

Water on the land that evaporates into the air and eventually makes its way back onto land

77
Q

What is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

A porous area where water passes through

78
Q

What is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

Where water completely fills the pore space

79
Q

What is a water table?

A

The upper boundary of the saturated zone

80
Q

What does it mean if sediment is permeable?

A

Water can infiltrate through it easier

81
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

82
Q

What is the name of the Great Plains Aquifer?

A

Ogallala Aquifer

83
Q

How many states does the Great Plains Aquifer run through?

A

8

84
Q

What are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer runs through?

A

South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas

85
Q

What is an aquitard?

A

It keeps water confined

86
Q

How are water springs formed?

A

Where water tables naturally meet Earth’s surface?

87
Q

What is an artesian well?

A

Wells drilled into pressurized aquifers

88
Q

What is a cone of depression?

A

The direction of the water flows down toward the well

89
Q

The process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, an object,or event.

A

Absolute dating

90
Q

The process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time.

A

Relative dating

91
Q

States that the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past.

A

Uniformitarianism

92
Q

States that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and the oldest rocks will be at the bottom.

A

Principle of superposition

93
Q

Gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent

A

Unconformity

94
Q

The remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rock record.

A

Fossil

Physical Science (7 decks)

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