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Physical Science > ch 27 > Flashcards

ch 27 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on earth’s surface?

A

weathering

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2
Q

a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water and air capable of supporting plant life

A

soil

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3
Q

the removal of surface material through the process of weathering

A

Erosion

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4
Q

erosional agents like wind, water, ice, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another

A

sediment transport

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5
Q

the erosional agents slow down or melts and drops sediment loads in the process

A

deposition

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6
Q

the land area that gathers water for a major river

A

drainage basin

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7
Q

movement of water parallel to the shoreline

A

longshore current

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8
Q

Do rocks weather at the same rate?

A

no

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9
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

rock type and landscape

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10
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A

mechanical and chemical

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11
Q

What types of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

physical weathering

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12
Q

What type of change happens with chemical weathering?

A

chemical weathering

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of specific mechanical weathering?

A

frost wedging, biological activity, and collisions

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14
Q

what causes frost wedging?

A

water freezes in the cracks of rock and cracks the rock even more

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15
Q

What is the cycle called during frost wedging?

A

freeze thaw cycle

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16
Q

What causes biological activity?

A

plants and animals

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17
Q

What causes weathering during collisions?

A

rock fall from cliffs or tumble through turbulent rivers

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18
Q

What is parent material?

A

Is what soil is formed from

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical weathering caused by?

A

oxygen and water

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20
Q

What is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen?

A

oxidation

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21
Q

What is the chemical process called that is caused by water?

A

hydrolysis

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22
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

All the different layers of soil

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23
Q

How many soil horizons are there?

A

6

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24
Q

True of false All soils contain every soil horizon

A

false

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25
Q

What are the specific soil horizons?

A

o,a,e,b,c,r

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26
Q

What does the first soil horizon contain?

A

organic material

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27
Q

What is the second horizon mostly made up of?

A

minerals

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28
Q

Which layer does leaching occur?

A

E

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29
Q

Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?

A

B

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30
Q

Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?

A

C

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31
Q

Which layer is unweathered bedrock?

A

R

32
Q

Which soil horizons make up topsoil?

A

O and A

33
Q

Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?

A

B and E

34
Q

Which soil horizons make up the true soil?

A

C and R

35
Q

What is the difference of weathering and erosion?

A

Weathering is the breakdown of materials and erosion is the removal of surface material

36
Q

If the slope of a river decreases what happens to the speed of a rivers

A

the rives speed decreases

37
Q

Small streams that flow into larger rivers are called

A

tributaries

38
Q

Land areas that gather water for a major river is called a

A

drainage basin

39
Q

a boundary that seperates distinct drainage basins is called a

A

drainage divide

40
Q

as water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earth’s surface creating

A

channels

41
Q

Young rivers and _____ due to the fast movement

A

V-shaped

42
Q

___ rivers are wide with smooth and gentles slopes

A

Mature

43
Q

When rivers flood and drop their sediment load which type of land form is created

A

flood planes

44
Q

What is a fan shaped sediment deposit that forms at the mouth of a river

A

Delats

45
Q

What are distributaries

A

the branching channels from deltas

46
Q

the mouth of a river or stream enters dry land

A

Alluvial fans

47
Q

What are the two types of glaciers?

A

Valley and continental

48
Q

Where do valley glaciers form?

A

In high mountainous regions

49
Q

Where do continental glaciers form?

A

colder climates and they occupy large land areas

50
Q

Where are the two continental glaciers located?

A

one in greenland and one in antartica

51
Q

What is a cirque?

A

bowl shaped basin

52
Q

What is an arete?

A

2 tributary valley glaciers meet and create a long sharp ridge line

53
Q

What is a horn in a mountainous region?

A

sharpened peaks

54
Q

What shape of valley do valley glaciers form?

A

u-shaped valleys

55
Q

What are tributary glaciers?

A

small glaciers that lead into large glaciers

56
Q

What type of valleys do tributary glaciers form?

A

hanging valleys

57
Q

which side of a sand dune does erosion occur?

A

windward side

58
Q

Which side of a sand dune does deposition occur?

A

leeward side

59
Q

what is the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind?

A

deflation

60
Q

what is it when small particles are removed and its just the remaining surface?

A

desert pavement

61
Q

what do the shape and sizes of land forms depend on?

3 things

A

wind speed
amount of time the wind blows
sediment supply

62
Q

what are three landforms that are created due to wave erosion?

A

coastal cliffs
sea arches
sea stacks

63
Q

what are two landforms created by wave deposition?

A

sand bars

sand spits

64
Q

what is a sand bar?

A

landforms that are parallel to the shoreline

65
Q

what is a sand spit?

A

like the sand bar but curves back toward the land

66
Q

what can cause mass wasting?

A

snow, heavy rains, earth quakes or human activity

67
Q

process by which water enters Earth and becomes ground water

A

infiltration

68
Q

What is the upper boundary of the saturated zone called

A

water table

69
Q

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

A

aquifer

70
Q

the percentage of a materials total volume and pore space

A

porosity

71
Q

The process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, object or event

A

absolute dating

72
Q

the process of placing object or events in the proper order in time

A

relative dating

73
Q

states that the laws of nature operate today has they have in the past

A

uniformitarianism

74
Q

states that undisturbed sediment layers the youngest will be at the top and the oldest at the bottom

A

principle of super position

75
Q

gaps in the rock record when either erosion occurred or deposition was absent

A

unconformity

76
Q

remains or traces of organisms found in geological rock record

A

fossils

Physical Science (6 decks)

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