ch 27

Question 1

what is the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on earth’s surface?

Answer 1

weathering

Question 2

a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water and air capable of supporting plant life

Answer 2

soil

Question 3

the removal of surface material through the process of weathering

Answer 3

Erosion

Question 4

erosional agents like wind, water, ice, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another

Answer 4

sediment transport

Question 5

the erosional agents slow down or melts and drops sediment loads in the process

Answer 5

deposition

Question 6

the land area that gathers water for a major river

Answer 6

drainage basin

Question 7

movement of water parallel to the shoreline

Answer 7

longshore current

Question 8

Do rocks weather at the same rate?

Answer 8

no

Question 9

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

Answer 9

rock type and landscape

Question 10

What are the two types of weathering?

Answer 10

mechanical and chemical

Question 11

What types of change happens with mechanical weathering?

Answer 11

physical weathering

Question 12

What type of change happens with chemical weathering?

Answer 12

chemical weathering

Question 13

What are the 3 types of specific mechanical weathering?

Answer 13

frost wedging, biological activity, and collisions

Question 14

what causes frost wedging?

Answer 14

water freezes in the cracks of rock and cracks the rock even more

Question 15

What is the cycle called during frost wedging?

Answer 15

freeze thaw cycle

Question 16

What causes biological activity?

Answer 16

plants and animals

Question 17

What causes weathering during collisions?

Answer 17

rock fall from cliffs or tumble through turbulent rivers

Question 18

What is parent material?

Answer 18

Is what soil is formed from

Question 19

What are the 2 types of chemical weathering caused by?

Answer 19

oxygen and water

Question 20

What is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen?

Answer 20

oxidation

Question 21

What is the chemical process called that is caused by water?

Answer 21

hydrolysis

Question 22

What are soil horizons?

Answer 22

All the different layers of soil

Question 23

How many soil horizons are there?

Answer 23

6

Question 24

True of false All soils contain every soil horizon

Answer 24

false

Question 25

What are the specific soil horizons?

Answer 25

o,a,e,b,c,r

Question 26

What does the first soil horizon contain?

Answer 26

organic material

Question 27

What is the second horizon mostly made up of?

Answer 27

minerals

Question 28

Which layer does leaching occur?

Answer 28

E

Question 29

Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?

Answer 29

B

Question 30

Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?

Answer 30

C

Question 31

Which layer is unweathered bedrock?

Answer 31

R

Question 32

Which soil horizons make up topsoil?

Answer 32

O and A

Question 33

Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?

Answer 33

B and E

Question 34

Which soil horizons make up the true soil?

Answer 34

C and R

Question 35

What is the difference of weathering and erosion?

Answer 35

Weathering is the breakdown of materials and erosion is the removal of surface material

Question 36

If the slope of a river decreases what happens to the speed of a rivers

Answer 36

the rives speed decreases

Question 37

Small streams that flow into larger rivers are called

Answer 37

tributaries

Question 38

Land areas that gather water for a major river is called a

Answer 38

drainage basin

Question 39

a boundary that seperates distinct drainage basins is called a

Answer 39

drainage divide

Question 40

as water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earth's surface creating

Answer 40

channels

Question 41

Young rivers and _____ due to the fast movement

Answer 41

V-shaped

Question 42

___ rivers are wide with smooth and gentles slopes

Answer 42

Mature

Question 43

When rivers flood and drop their sediment load which type of land form is created

Answer 43

flood planes

Question 44

What is a fan shaped sediment deposit that forms at the mouth of a river

Answer 44

Delats

Question 45

What are distributaries

Answer 45

the branching channels from deltas

Question 46

the mouth of a river or stream enters dry land

Answer 46

Alluvial fans

Question 47

What are the two types of glaciers?

Answer 47

Valley and continental

Question 48

Where do valley glaciers form?

Answer 48

In high mountainous regions

Question 49

Where do continental glaciers form?

Answer 49

colder climates and they occupy large land areas

Question 50

Where are the two continental glaciers located?

Answer 50

one in greenland and one in antartica

Question 51

What is a cirque?

Answer 51

bowl shaped basin

Question 52

What is an arete?

Answer 52

2 tributary valley glaciers meet and create a long sharp ridge line

Question 53

What is a horn in a mountainous region?

Answer 53

sharpened peaks

Question 54

What shape of valley do valley glaciers form?

Answer 54

u-shaped valleys

Question 55

What are tributary glaciers?

Answer 55

small glaciers that lead into large glaciers

Question 56

What type of valleys do tributary glaciers form?

Answer 56

hanging valleys

Question 57

which side of a sand dune does erosion occur?

Answer 57

windward side

Question 58

Which side of a sand dune does deposition occur?

Answer 58

leeward side

Question 59

what is the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind?

Answer 59

deflation

Question 60

what is it when small particles are removed and its just the remaining surface?

Answer 60

desert pavement

Question 61

what do the shape and sizes of land forms depend on? | 3 things

Answer 61

wind speed amount of time the wind blows sediment supply

Question 62

what are three landforms that are created due to wave erosion?

Answer 62

coastal cliffs sea arches sea stacks

Question 63

what are two landforms created by wave deposition?

Answer 63

sand bars | sand spits

Question 64

what is a sand bar?

Answer 64

landforms that are parallel to the shoreline

Question 65

what is a sand spit?

Answer 65

like the sand bar but curves back toward the land

Question 66

what can cause mass wasting?

Answer 66

snow, heavy rains, earth quakes or human activity

Question 67

process by which water enters Earth and becomes ground water

Answer 67

infiltration

Question 68

What is the upper boundary of the saturated zone called

Answer 68

water table

Question 69

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

Answer 69

aquifer

Question 70

the percentage of a materials total volume and pore space

Answer 70

porosity

Question 71

The process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, object or event

Answer 71

absolute dating

Question 72

the process of placing object or events in the proper order in time

Answer 72

relative dating

Question 73

states that the laws of nature operate today has they have in the past

Answer 73

uniformitarianism

Question 74

states that undisturbed sediment layers the youngest will be at the top and the oldest at the bottom

Answer 74

principle of super position

Question 75

gaps in the rock record when either erosion occurred or deposition was absent

Answer 75

unconformity

Question 76

remains or traces of organisms found in geological rock record

Answer 76

fossils