ch 26 Flashcards
a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystaline form
mineral
the color of a mineral in powder form
streak
mineral breaks along preferred planes creating smooth paralelle sides
cleavage
minerals that break irregularly
fracture
minerals resistance to scratch
hardness
molten rock matierial inside earth
magma
A mineral is
naturally occurring, inorganic solid, crystaline form
What are the two most abundant elements that make up Earth’s crust?
silicon and oxygen
What does inorganic mean?
material that is non living
What does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral?
The way it breaks, how hard it is, type of crystal shape it has
What are all the ways to identify minerals?
streak, luster, cleavage, fracture, hardness, crystal shape, atomic arrangement
what are the two types of luster?
non metallic, metallic
How does metallic luster reflect light?
very easily, like a piece of metal (chrome)
How does non metallic luster reflect light?
like glass, earthy, waxy
how do you perform the streak test?
rubbing a mineral on an unglazed white porcelain tile
what are the two types of breakage that can happen to minerals?
cleavage or fracture
what is the name of the scale to measure the hardness of a mineral?
moh’s scale of hardness
What is the hardness range of moh’s hardness scale?
1-10
how many different crystal shape systems are there?
6
minerals grow from the
inside out
what are the three ways minerals can form?
hot water, evaporation, molten rock
what are the two mineral groups?
silicates and non silicates
which mineral group is the most abundant in earths crust?
silicates
what elements are silicates made up of?
sillicon and oxygen
nonsilacates do not contain what element?
sillicon
what mineral is used to make glass?
quartz
Naturally formed mixture containing minerals, rock fragments, and volcanic glass
Rock
How are rocks identified?
composition and texture
What does the texture of a rock describe about a rock?
size shape and arrangement of the rocks components
Where do intrusive igneous rocks form?
form in earths crust
What type of molten does intrusive igneous rock form from?
molten rock that cools and crystalizes underground
what is the name of the series that illustrates stimultaneos crystallizationof sillicate minerals?
Bowen’s reaction theory’s
What are the three types of magma?
Mafic, intermediate, felsic
which magma type has a low sillica content?
basaltic
Which magma type has a high sillica content?
rhyolitic
Which type of crust has an abundant amount of quartz?(oceanic or continental)
continental crust
Which type of crust has little to no quartz? (oceanic or continental)
continental or oceanic crust
Which type of igneous rock has a coarse grained?
Intrusive
Which type of igneous rock has fine grained texture?
Extrusive
Do fine grained rocks cool slowly or quickly?
quickly
What are the two specific texture types for extrusive igneous rock?
Pumice and scoria
Which texture is the types with holes left behind because of rapid cooling?
holey textures
Which texture is the type with two different crystal sizes because of different cooling rates?
porphyritic
What type of rock has a vesicular (holey) texture?
Pumice
Define clasts
small rock and mineral fragments
What types of erosion are rocks on earth’s surface exposed to?
wind, water, and other forces
What does it mean if clasts are being transported?
They are being moved from one place to another
What does it mean if clasts are being deposited?
It is when the clasts stopped being carried by the wind or water
Define pore space
The empty space between grains
Define compaction
clasts stick together due to the weight of overlying material
Define cementation
minerals percipitate slowly out of a water solution and crystallizes in the spaces between clasts
How are sedimentary rocks formed?
they are formed by using both compaction and cementation
What is another name for clasts?
detritus
what are sedimentary that are mostly made of clasts?
detrital sedimentary rock
What is decreasing size of clasts?
gravel, sand, silt, and clay
Which clast size would be deposited first?
gravel
What are four common detrital sedimentary rocks?
gravel, sand, silt, and clay
How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed?
they form from water that had dissolved solids
If sedimentary rocks contain remains of living organisms what are they called?
biochemical sedimentary rocks
what are 2 common biochemical sedimentary rocks?
carbon and coal
What are 3 types of sedimentary rock?
detrital, chemical, biochemical sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rock is changed by a combination of which 3 things?
heat,pressure, and chemical reactions
Which types of rocks can be changed by metamorphism?
Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over large areas?
regional metamorphism
What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over small areas?
contact metamorphism
When shale is compressed, which type of metamorphic rock is created?
slate
What are the two types of metamorphic rock textures?
foliated and non-foliated
Define foliated texture
ranged and has layers of bands
define non-foliated texture
randomly organized
Metamorphic rocks are are mainly classified based on which two things?
texture and composition
Define rock cycle
The continual changing from one rock type to another
Which types of rocks are part of the rock cycle?
igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
What are 3 types of rocks?
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Which type of rocks form from molten rock?
igneous
Which types of rock are formed from clasts, precipitation, or compressed once living matter?
sedimentary
Which types of rocks are formed from heat, pressure, and chemical reactions?
metamorphic
What can form from hot water, evaporation, or molten rock?
minerals
