Ch. 26 questions

Question 1

what is included in the glomerular filtrate?

Answer 1

hydrogen ions, ammonium ions creatinine, potassium, and certain drugs

Question 2

what effect does an increase in blood pressure have on GFR?

Answer 2

constriction in the afferent arterioles and dilation of the efferent arterioles

Question 3

what effect does a decrease in blood pressure have on the GFR?

Answer 3

dilation in the afferent arterioles and constriction of the efferent arterioles

Question 4

what is the difference in paracellular reabsorption and transcellular reabsorption?

Answer 4

paracellular reabsorption: water and solutes in tubular fluid return to the bloodstream by moving between tubule cells.
transcellular reabsorption: solutes and water in tubular fluid return to the bloodstream by passing through the tubule cell

Question 5

What is the difference between obligatory water reabsorption and facultative water reabsorption?

Answer 5

Obligatory water: water follows the solutes that are reabsorbed, occurs in the proximal tubule. Facultative water reabsorption: regulated by ADH, occurs in the late distal tubule.

Question 6

Where does majority of reabsorption occur in the tubule?

Answer 6

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 7

What is the vasa recta?

Answer 7

Are long, loop shaped capillaries from extending of the glomerular arterioles

Question 8

what is the function of the vasa recta?

Answer 8

supply tubular portion of the nephron in the renal medulla

Question 9

what happens in urea recycling?

Answer 9

involves the reabsorption and secretion of urea, which contributes to the high concentration of solutes in the renal medulla

Question 10

why urea recycling important?

Answer 10

gets the excess out but keeps enough to maintain the osmotic gradient and concentrate the urine

Question 11

What two solutes contribute the most to the high osmolarity of the interstitial fluid of the medulla?

Answer 11

Na+ and cl-

Question 12

What is the function of the kidneys?

Answer 12

Regulates blood volume and composition; help regulate blood pressure, pH, and glucose levels; produce two hormones calcitriol and erythropoietin); and excrete wasted in urine

Question 13

what is the function of the ureters?

Answer 13

transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

Question 14

what is the function of the urinary bladder?

Answer 14

stores urine and expels it into urethra

Question 15

what is the function of the urethra?

Answer 15

discharges urine from the body

Question 16

what is the homeostatic function of the kidneys?

Answer 16

Maintenance of blood osmolarity, produce hormones, excretion of wastes, regulates blood glucose levels

Question 17

what is the renal hilum?

Answer 17

it is the indented area of the kidneys

Question 18

what structures enter the hilum?

Answer 18

renal artery, renal vein, ureter, nerves, and lymphatics

Question 19

what are the three layers of connective tissue surrounding the kidneys?

Answer 19

renal fascia, adipose capsule, and renal capsule

Question 20

what percent of the resting cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

Answer 20

20-25%

Question 21

what are the two parts of the renal corpuscle?

Answer 21

glomerulus and the glomerular brownsman capsule

Question 22

what are podocytes?

Answer 22

they form pedicles between which are filtration slits

Question 23

what cannot pass through these layers of the filtration membrane?

Answer 23

blood cells, large proteins, and medium sized proteins

Question 24

what are the two types of nephrons?

Answer 24

cortical and juxtamedullary nephron

Question 25

which type of nephron is more common?

Answer 25

cortical nephron

Question 26

what are the structural differences of the two types of nephron?

Answer 26

the cortical is an outer portion and has short loops. The juxtamedullary is deepen cortex and loops are long.

Question 27

which type of nephron produces more concentrated urine?

Answer 27

juxtamedullary nephron

Question 28

what is the glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 28

amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys each minute

Question 29

what kinds of problems occurs in the GFR is too high?

Answer 29

substances pass to quickly and are not reabsorbed?

Question 30

what kinds of problems occur if the GFR is too low?

Answer 30

nearly all reabsorbed and some waste products are not adequately excreted

Question 31

what are some substances reabsorbed in the PCT?

Answer 31

Water, ions, glucose, and amino acids

Question 32

What is reabsorbed in the descending limb of the loop of Henle?

Answer 32

water

Question 33

What is reabsorbed in the ascending limb of the loop Henle?

Answer 33

little obligatory water

Question 34

which part of the tubule is essentially impermeable to water?

Answer 34

ascending limb

Question 35

what is reabsorbed in the early DCT?

Answer 35

na+ and cl-

Question 36

what is reabsorbed in the late DCT and collecting duct?

Answer 36

principal cells, aquaprmin-2 reabsorbs water, and intercalated cells

Question 37

which part of the tubule is affected by ADH?

Answer 37

collecting ducts

Question 38

what is micturition?

Answer 38

The discharge of urine involves voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions

Question 39

What are the differences in the urethra in males and females?

Answer 39

The urethra is five times longer in males than females. The urethra is divided into three segments in males but is only one short in females. The urethra is a common duct for the urinary and genital system in males. These two systems are entirely separate in females.