CH 26 earth materials Flashcards
A naturally occurring inorganic solid with s crystalline from
Mineral
The color of a mineral in powdered form
Streak
When a mineral breaks along preferred planes of weakness creating sets of smooth parallel sides
cleavage
Minerals that break with irregular surfaces
fracture
The physical property that measures a mineral’s resistance to scratching
hardness
Molten rock material that is inside of earth
magma
A mineral is
a natural occurring, inorganic sold, with a crystalline form
What are the two most abundant elements that make up Earth’s crust
oxygen and silicon
What does inorganic mean
materials that are not living
what does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral
how it breaks, its hardness, and its crystal shape
what are all of the ways to identify minerals
hardness, luster, streak atomic arrangement crystal shape fracture cleavage
what are two types of luster
metallic and non metallic
how does metallic luster reflect light
In a way that a metal surface might
how does non metallic luster reflect light
glass like shine or earthy or waxy
how do you perform a streak test
by rubbing a mineral on an unglazed white porcelain tile
what are two types of breakage that can happen to minerals
fracture
cleavage
what is the name of the scale to measure the hardness of a mineral
Mohs scale
what is the number range on mohs scale of hardness
1-10
how many different crystal shape systems are there
6 shapes
minerals grow from the
inside out
what are the 3 ways minerals can form
Molten rock
evaporation
hot water
what are the two mineral groups
silicate minerals and non silicate minerals
which mineral group is the most abundant in earth’s crust
Silicates
what elements are silicates made up of
silicon and oxygen atoms
non silicates do not contain what element
silicon-oxygen units
what mineral is used to make glass
quartz
Define rock
A natural formed mixture containing minerals, rock fragments, volcanic glass
How are rocks identified
By their composition and texture
What does the texture of a rock describe about a rock
The size, shape, and arrangement of the rock components
Where do intrusive igneous rocks form
within the earths crust
what type of molten rock does intrusive igneous rocks form from
magma
what is the name of the series that illustrates simultaneous crystallization of silicate minerals
Bowen’s reaction series
What are the 3 types of magma
Mafic
Intermediate
Felsic
which magma has a low silica content
Mafic
which magma has a high silica content
Felsic
which type of crust has an abundant amount of quartz {oceanic or continental}
Continental Crust
which type of crust has little to no quartz {oceanic or continental}
Oceanic Crust and deep continental crust
Which type of igneous rock has a coarse grained texture
intrusive
Which type of igneous rock has a fine grained texture
extrusive
do fine grained rocks cool slowly or quickly
quickly
what are the two specific texture types for extrusive igneous rock
Vesicular texture
Porphyritic texture
which texture is the type with holes left behind because of rapid cooling
extrusive texture type
which texture is the type with two different crystal sizes because of different cooling rates
intrusive texture type
what type of rock has a vesicular (holey) texture
pumice
Define Clasts
Small rock and mineral fragments
What types of erosion are rocks on Earth’s surface exposed to
water
wind
other forces
What does it mean if clasts are being transported
Being moved from point a to point b
what does it mean if clasts are being deposited
being drop off
define pore space
The empty space between clasts
define compaction
Clasts stick together due to the weight of overlying material
define cementation
mineral precipitate slowly out of a water solution and crystallize in the spaces between clasts
How are sedimentary rocks formed
Clasts will be present they will get compacted water flows through the pore spaces causing cementation
what is another name for clasts
Detritus
what are sedimentary rocks called that are mostly made up of clasts
Detrital sedimentary rock
what is the decreasing size of clasts
Gravel, sand, silt, or clay/mud
which clast size would be deposited first
gravel because of being heavy
what are 4 common detrital sedimentary rocks
conglomerate
sandstone
siltstone
shale
how are chemical sedimentary rocks formed
Form from whater that contains dissolved solids, mineral crystals precipitate out of a solution through evaporation
if sedimentary rocks contain remains of living organisms what are they called
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
what are 2 common biochemical sedimentary rocks
limestone
Coal
what are 3 types of sedimentary rock
Biochemical
Chemical
Detritrial
Metamorphic rock is changed by a combination of which 3 things
Heat
Pressure
Chemical Reactions
Which types of rocks can be changed by metamorphism
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
What is it called when metamorphic occur in rocks occur over large area’s
Regional Metamorphism
What is it called when metamorphic occur in rocks over small areas
Contact Metamorphism
when shale is compressed, which type of metamorphic rock is created
Slate
what are two types of metamorphic rock textures
Foliated
Non-Foliated
define non-Foliated texture
Random orientations
metamorphic rocks are mainly classified based on which two things
Texture
Composition
define rock cycle
Continual change of rocks from one type to another
which types of rocks are part of the rock cycle
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
what are 3 types of rocks
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
which type of rocks form from molten rock
igneous
which types of rocks are formed from clasts, precipitation, or compressed once living matter
Sedimentary
which types of rocks are formed from heat pressure and chemical reactions
Metamorphic
what can form from hot water, evaporation, or molten rock
Minerals
Define Foliated texture
have crystals that are arranged in layers and bands
