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physical science > CH 26 earth materials > Flashcards

CH 26 earth materials Flashcards

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1
Q

A naturally occurring inorganic solid with s crystalline from

A

Mineral

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2
Q

The color of a mineral in powdered form

A

Streak

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3
Q

When a mineral breaks along preferred planes of weakness creating sets of smooth parallel sides

A

cleavage

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4
Q

Minerals that break with irregular surfaces

A

fracture

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5
Q

The physical property that measures a mineral’s resistance to scratching

A

hardness

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6
Q

Molten rock material that is inside of earth

A

magma

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7
Q

A mineral is

A

a natural occurring, inorganic sold, with a crystalline form

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8
Q

What are the two most abundant elements that make up Earth’s crust

A

oxygen and silicon

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9
Q

What does inorganic mean

A

materials that are not living

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10
Q

what does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral

A

how it breaks, its hardness, and its crystal shape

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11
Q

what are all of the ways to identify minerals

A 
hardness, 
luster, 
streak
atomic arrangement 
crystal shape 
fracture 
cleavage
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12
Q

what are two types of luster

A

metallic and non metallic

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13
Q

how does metallic luster reflect light

A

In a way that a metal surface might

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14
Q

how does non metallic luster reflect light

A

glass like shine or earthy or waxy

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15
Q

how do you perform a streak test

A

by rubbing a mineral on an unglazed white porcelain tile

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16
Q

what are two types of breakage that can happen to minerals

A

fracture

cleavage

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17
Q

what is the name of the scale to measure the hardness of a mineral

A

Mohs scale

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18
Q

what is the number range on mohs scale of hardness

A

1-10

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19
Q

how many different crystal shape systems are there

A

6 shapes

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20
Q

minerals grow from the

A

inside out

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21
Q

what are the 3 ways minerals can form

A

Molten rock
evaporation
hot water

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22
Q

what are the two mineral groups

A

silicate minerals and non silicate minerals

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23
Q

which mineral group is the most abundant in earth’s crust

A

Silicates

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24
Q

what elements are silicates made up of

A

silicon and oxygen atoms

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25
Q

non silicates do not contain what element

A

silicon-oxygen units

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26
Q

what mineral is used to make glass

A

quartz

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27
Q

Define rock

A

A natural formed mixture containing minerals, rock fragments, volcanic glass

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28
Q

How are rocks identified

A

By their composition and texture

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29
Q

What does the texture of a rock describe about a rock

A

The size, shape, and arrangement of the rock components

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30
Q

Where do intrusive igneous rocks form

A

within the earths crust

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31
Q

what type of molten rock does intrusive igneous rocks form from

A

magma

32
Q

what is the name of the series that illustrates simultaneous crystallization of silicate minerals

A

Bowen’s reaction series

33
Q

What are the 3 types of magma

A

Mafic
Intermediate
Felsic

34
Q

which magma has a low silica content

A

Mafic

35
Q

which magma has a high silica content

A

Felsic

36
Q

which type of crust has an abundant amount of quartz {oceanic or continental}

A

Continental Crust

37
Q

which type of crust has little to no quartz {oceanic or continental}

A

Oceanic Crust and deep continental crust

38
Q

Which type of igneous rock has a coarse grained texture

A

intrusive

39
Q

Which type of igneous rock has a fine grained texture

A

extrusive

40
Q

do fine grained rocks cool slowly or quickly

A

quickly

41
Q

what are the two specific texture types for extrusive igneous rock

A

Vesicular texture

Porphyritic texture

42
Q

which texture is the type with holes left behind because of rapid cooling

A

extrusive texture type

43
Q

which texture is the type with two different crystal sizes because of different cooling rates

A

intrusive texture type

44
Q

what type of rock has a vesicular (holey) texture

A

pumice

45
Q

Define Clasts

A

Small rock and mineral fragments

46
Q

What types of erosion are rocks on Earth’s surface exposed to

A

water
wind
other forces

47
Q

What does it mean if clasts are being transported

A

Being moved from point a to point b

48
Q

what does it mean if clasts are being deposited

A

being drop off

49
Q

define pore space

A

The empty space between clasts

50
Q

define compaction

A

Clasts stick together due to the weight of overlying material

51
Q

define cementation

A

mineral precipitate slowly out of a water solution and crystallize in the spaces between clasts

52
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed

A

Clasts will be present they will get compacted water flows through the pore spaces causing cementation

53
Q

what is another name for clasts

A

Detritus

54
Q

what are sedimentary rocks called that are mostly made up of clasts

A

Detrital sedimentary rock

55
Q

what is the decreasing size of clasts

A

Gravel, sand, silt, or clay/mud

56
Q

which clast size would be deposited first

A

gravel because of being heavy

57
Q

what are 4 common detrital sedimentary rocks

A

conglomerate
sandstone
siltstone
shale

58
Q

how are chemical sedimentary rocks formed

A

Form from whater that contains dissolved solids, mineral crystals precipitate out of a solution through evaporation

59
Q

if sedimentary rocks contain remains of living organisms what are they called

A

Biochemical sedimentary rocks

60
Q

what are 2 common biochemical sedimentary rocks

A

limestone

Coal

61
Q

what are 3 types of sedimentary rock

A

Biochemical
Chemical
Detritrial

62
Q

Metamorphic rock is changed by a combination of which 3 things

A

Heat
Pressure
Chemical Reactions

63
Q

Which types of rocks can be changed by metamorphism

A

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

64
Q

What is it called when metamorphic occur in rocks occur over large area’s

A

Regional Metamorphism

65
Q

What is it called when metamorphic occur in rocks over small areas

A

Contact Metamorphism

66
Q

when shale is compressed, which type of metamorphic rock is created

A

Slate

67
Q

what are two types of metamorphic rock textures

A

Foliated

Non-Foliated

68
Q

define non-Foliated texture

A

Random orientations

69
Q

metamorphic rocks are mainly classified based on which two things

A

Texture

Composition

70
Q

define rock cycle

A

Continual change of rocks from one type to another

71
Q

which types of rocks are part of the rock cycle

A

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

72
Q

what are 3 types of rocks

A

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

73
Q

which type of rocks form from molten rock

A

igneous

74
Q

which types of rocks are formed from clasts, precipitation, or compressed once living matter

A

Sedimentary

75
Q

which types of rocks are formed from heat pressure and chemical reactions

A

Metamorphic

76
Q

what can form from hot water, evaporation, or molten rock

A

Minerals

77
Q

Define Foliated texture

A

have crystals that are arranged in layers and bands

physical science (5 decks)

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