Ch 26 Flashcards
A naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystalline form
Mineral
The color of a mineral in powered form
Streak
When a mineral breaks along preferred planes of weakness creating sets of smooth parallel sides
Cleavage
Minerals that break with irregular surfaces
Fracture
The physical property that measures a mineral’s resistance to scratching
Hardness
Molten rock material inside Earth
Magma
A mineral is _______, __________, _________?
Naturally occurring, inorganic solid, with a crystalline form
What are the two most abundant elements that make up Earth’s crust?
Silicon and oxygen
What does inorganic mean?
Material that are nonliving
What does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral?
The way a mineral breaks, how hard it is, and what type of crystal shape it has
What are all of the ways to identify minerals?
Luster, Streak, Fracture, Cleavage, Hardness, Crystal Shape, and Atomic Arrangement
What are the two types of luster?
Metallic and nonmetallic
How does metallic luster reflect light?
Very easily, like a piece of metal
How does nonmetallic luster reflect light?
Glassy appearance, or appears earthy or waxy
How do you perform a streak test?
By rubbing a mineral on an unglazed, white porcelain tile
What are the two types of breakage that can happen to minerals?
Cleavage and Fracture
What is the name if the scale to measure the hardness of a mineral?
Mohs Scale of Hardness
What is the number range on Mohs Scale of Hardness?
1-10
How many different crystal shape systems are there?
Six
Minerals grow from the ______
Inside out
What are the 3 ways minerals can form?
Evaporation, Hot Water, and Molten Rock
What are the two mineral groups?
Silicates and Nonsilicates
Which mineral group is the most abundant in Earth’s crust?
Silicates
What elements are Silicates made up of?
Silicon and Oxygen
Nonsillicates do not contain what element?
Silicon
What mineral is used to make glass?
Quartz
Define rock
A naturally formed mixture containing minerals, rock fragments, and volcanic glass
How are rocks identified?
By their texture and composition
What does the texture of a rock describe about a rock?
Describes the size, shape, and arrangement of the rock’s components
Where do intrusive igneous rocks form from?
They form from molten rock material that cools and crystallize either underground or on Earth’s surface
What type of molten rock does intrusive igneous rocks form from?
Magma
What is the name of the series that illustrates simultaneous crystallization of silicate minerals?
Bowen’s Reaction Series
What are the 3 types of magma?
Mafic, Intermediate, and Felsic
Which magma type has a low silica content?
Mafic
Which magma type has a high silica content?
Felsic
Which type of crust has an abundant amount of quartz? (oceanic or continental)
Continental Crust
What type of crust has little or no quartz? (continental or oceanic)
Deep locations in Continental or with Oceanic
What type of igneous rock has a coarse grained texture?
Intrusive Igneous Rocks
What type of igneous rock has a fine grained texture?
Extrusive Igneous Rock
Do fine grained rocks cool slowly or quickly?
Quickly
What are the two specific texture types for extrusive igneous rock? (this answer was our weekly assignment question for Tuesday)
Vesicular and Porphyritic
Which texture is the type with holes left behind because of rapid cooling?
Vesicular
Which texture is the type with two different crystal sizes because of different cooling rates?
Porphyritic
What specific name of rock has a vesicular (holey) texture?
Pumice
Define Clasts
Small rock and mineral fragments
What types of erosion are rocks on Earth’s surface exposed to?
Water, wind, etc.
What does it mean if clasts are being transported?
When the clasts are being moved to a new location
What does it mean if clasts are being deposited?
The materials are getting dropped off
Define pore space
The empty space in between the grains
Define compaction
The process by which clasts stick together due to the weight of overlying material
Define cementation
The process when minerals precipitate slowly out of a water solution and crystallize in the spaces between clasts
How are sedimentary rocks formed?
Compaction and Cementation
What is another name for clasts?
Detritus
What are sedimentary rocks called that are mostly made of clasts?
Detrital Sedimentary Rock
What is the decreasing size of clasts?
Gravel, Sand, Silt, or Clay
What clast size would be deposited first?
Gravel
What are 4 common detrital sedimentary rocks?
Conglomerate, Sandstone, Siltstone, and Shale
How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed?
You have clasts that get compressed, water flows through them, causing cementation
If sedimentary rocks contain remains of living organisms what are they called?
Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks
What are 2 common biochemical sedimentary rocks?
Limestone and Coal
What are the 3 types of sedimentary rock?
Detrital, Chemical, and Biochemical
Metamorphic rock is changed by a combination of which 3 things?
Heat, Pressure, and Chemical Reactions
Which types of rocks can be changed by metamorphism?
Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic
What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over large areas?
Regional Metamorphism
What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over small changes?
Contact Metamorphism
When shale is compressed, which type of metamorphic rock is created?
Slate
What are the two types of metamorphic rock textures?
Foliated and Nonfoliated
Define foliated texture
The rockk has crystals that are arranged in layers and bands
Define nonfoliated texture
Randomly Placed Crystals, Uniform Grain Size, and Uniform Color
Metamorphic rocks are mainly classified based on which two things?
Texture and Composition
Define Rock Cycle
The continual changing of rocks from one type to another
Which types of rocks are part of the rock cycle?
Sedimentary, Igneous, and Metamorphic Rocks
What are the 3 types of rocks?
Sedimentary, Igneous, and Metamorphic
Which types of rocks form from molten rock?
Igneous
Which types of rocks are formed from clasts, precipitation, or compressed once living matter?
Sedimentary
Which types of rocks are formed from heat, pressure, and chemical reactions?
Metamorphic Rock
What can form from hot water, evaporation, or molten rock?
Minerals
