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Physical Science > Ch 26 > Flashcards

Ch 26 Flashcards

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1
Q

A naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystalline form

A

Mineral

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2
Q

The color of a mineral in powered form

A

Streak

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3
Q

When a mineral breaks along preferred planes of weakness creating sets of smooth parallel sides

A

Cleavage

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4
Q

Minerals that break with irregular surfaces

A

Fracture

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5
Q

The physical property that measures a mineral’s resistance to scratching

A

Hardness

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6
Q

Molten rock material inside Earth

A

Magma

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7
Q

A mineral is _______, __________, _________?

A

Naturally occurring, inorganic solid, with a crystalline form

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8
Q

What are the two most abundant elements that make up Earth’s crust?

A

Silicon and oxygen

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9
Q

What does inorganic mean?

A

Material that are nonliving

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10
Q

What does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral?

A

The way a mineral breaks, how hard it is, and what type of crystal shape it has

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11
Q

What are all of the ways to identify minerals?

A

Luster, Streak, Fracture, Cleavage, Hardness, Crystal Shape, and Atomic Arrangement

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12
Q

What are the two types of luster?

A

Metallic and nonmetallic

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13
Q

How does metallic luster reflect light?

A

Very easily, like a piece of metal

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14
Q

How does nonmetallic luster reflect light?

A

Glassy appearance, or appears earthy or waxy

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15
Q

How do you perform a streak test?

A

By rubbing a mineral on an unglazed, white porcelain tile

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16
Q

What are the two types of breakage that can happen to minerals?

A

Cleavage and Fracture

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17
Q

What is the name if the scale to measure the hardness of a mineral?

A

Mohs Scale of Hardness

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18
Q

What is the number range on Mohs Scale of Hardness?

A

1-10

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19
Q

How many different crystal shape systems are there?

A

Six

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20
Q

Minerals grow from the ______

A

Inside out

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21
Q

What are the 3 ways minerals can form?

A

Evaporation, Hot Water, and Molten Rock

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22
Q

What are the two mineral groups?

A

Silicates and Nonsilicates

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23
Q

Which mineral group is the most abundant in Earth’s crust?

A

Silicates

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24
Q

What elements are Silicates made up of?

A

Silicon and Oxygen

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25
Q

Nonsillicates do not contain what element?

A

Silicon

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26
Q

What mineral is used to make glass?

A

Quartz

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27
Q

Define rock

A

A naturally formed mixture containing minerals, rock fragments, and volcanic glass

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28
Q

How are rocks identified?

A

By their texture and composition

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29
Q

What does the texture of a rock describe about a rock?

A

Describes the size, shape, and arrangement of the rock’s components

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30
Q

Where do intrusive igneous rocks form from?

A

They form from molten rock material that cools and crystallize either underground or on Earth’s surface

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31
Q

What type of molten rock does intrusive igneous rocks form from?

A

Magma

32
Q

What is the name of the series that illustrates simultaneous crystallization of silicate minerals?

A

Bowen’s Reaction Series

33
Q

What are the 3 types of magma?

A

Mafic, Intermediate, and Felsic

34
Q

Which magma type has a low silica content?

A

Mafic

35
Q

Which magma type has a high silica content?

A

Felsic

36
Q

Which type of crust has an abundant amount of quartz? (oceanic or continental)

A

Continental Crust

37
Q

What type of crust has little or no quartz? (continental or oceanic)

A

Deep locations in Continental or with Oceanic

38
Q

What type of igneous rock has a coarse grained texture?

A

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

39
Q

What type of igneous rock has a fine grained texture?

A

Extrusive Igneous Rock

40
Q

Do fine grained rocks cool slowly or quickly?

A

Quickly

41
Q

What are the two specific texture types for extrusive igneous rock? (this answer was our weekly assignment question for Tuesday)

A

Vesicular and Porphyritic

42
Q

Which texture is the type with holes left behind because of rapid cooling?

A

Vesicular

43
Q

Which texture is the type with two different crystal sizes because of different cooling rates?

A

Porphyritic

44
Q

What specific name of rock has a vesicular (holey) texture?

A

Pumice

45
Q

Define Clasts

A

Small rock and mineral fragments

46
Q

What types of erosion are rocks on Earth’s surface exposed to?

A

Water, wind, etc.

47
Q

What does it mean if clasts are being transported?

A

When the clasts are being moved to a new location

48
Q

What does it mean if clasts are being deposited?

A

The materials are getting dropped off

49
Q

Define pore space

A

The empty space in between the grains

50
Q

Define compaction

A

The process by which clasts stick together due to the weight of overlying material

51
Q

Define cementation

A

The process when minerals precipitate slowly out of a water solution and crystallize in the spaces between clasts

52
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Compaction and Cementation

53
Q

What is another name for clasts?

A

Detritus

54
Q

What are sedimentary rocks called that are mostly made of clasts?

A

Detrital Sedimentary Rock

55
Q

What is the decreasing size of clasts?

A

Gravel, Sand, Silt, or Clay

56
Q

What clast size would be deposited first?

A

Gravel

57
Q

What are 4 common detrital sedimentary rocks?

A

Conglomerate, Sandstone, Siltstone, and Shale

58
Q

How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed?

A

You have clasts that get compressed, water flows through them, causing cementation

59
Q

If sedimentary rocks contain remains of living organisms what are they called?

A

Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks

60
Q

What are 2 common biochemical sedimentary rocks?

A

Limestone and Coal

61
Q

What are the 3 types of sedimentary rock?

A

Detrital, Chemical, and Biochemical

62
Q

Metamorphic rock is changed by a combination of which 3 things?

A

Heat, Pressure, and Chemical Reactions

63
Q

Which types of rocks can be changed by metamorphism?

A

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic

64
Q

What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over large areas?

A

Regional Metamorphism

65
Q

What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over small changes?

A

Contact Metamorphism

66
Q

When shale is compressed, which type of metamorphic rock is created?

A

Slate

67
Q

What are the two types of metamorphic rock textures?

A

Foliated and Nonfoliated

68
Q

Define foliated texture

A

The rockk has crystals that are arranged in layers and bands

69
Q

Define nonfoliated texture

A

Randomly Placed Crystals, Uniform Grain Size, and Uniform Color

70
Q

Metamorphic rocks are mainly classified based on which two things?

A

Texture and Composition

71
Q

Define Rock Cycle

A

The continual changing of rocks from one type to another

72
Q

Which types of rocks are part of the rock cycle?

A

Sedimentary, Igneous, and Metamorphic Rocks

73
Q

What are the 3 types of rocks?

A

Sedimentary, Igneous, and Metamorphic

74
Q

Which types of rocks form from molten rock?

A

Igneous

75
Q

Which types of rocks are formed from clasts, precipitation, or compressed once living matter?

A

Sedimentary

76
Q

Which types of rocks are formed from heat, pressure, and chemical reactions?

A

Metamorphic Rock

77
Q

What can form from hot water, evaporation, or molten rock?

A

Minerals

Physical Science (6 decks)

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