Ch 25 Metabolism and Nutrition Flashcards
Which of following methods to create ATP occurs in the cytosol (cytoplasm) of cells?
a. photophosphorylation
b. substrate-level phosphorylation
c. oxidative phosphorylation
b. substrate-level phosphorylation
Which disorder is caused by normal caloric intake with a protein deficiency and is characterized by edema of the abdomen and an enlarged liver?
a. bulimia
b. malnutrition
c. kwashiorkor
d. marasmus
c. kwashiorkor
All of the following are effector responses that increase body temperature, EXCEPT:
a. involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle
b. release of thyroid hormones
c. vasodilation of dermal blood vessels
d. hormone release from the adrenal medulla
c. vasodilation of dermal blood vessels
If oxygen is scarce, pyruvic acid
is
a. reduced to form lactic acid
b. enters the mitochondrial matrix
c. is oxidized to form coenzyme A
d. undergoes chemiosmosis
a. reduced to form lactic acid
Kilocalories in our food do NOT come directly from:
a. carbohydrates
b. proteins
c. sugars
d. fats
c. sugars
Each gram of fat in food provides about ________ calories.
a. 2
b. 9
c. 12
d. 4
b. 9
Which of the following can NOT be oxidized to produce ATP in order to conserve glucose?
a. ketone bodies
b. glycerol
c. amino acids
d. lactic acid
c. fatty acids
b. glycerol
Which hormone stimulates lipogenesis?
a. glucagon
b. insulin
c. epinephrine
d. cortisol
b. insulin
Once lactic acid is produced in the body, how is it processed?
a. taken up in the skeletal and cardiac muscle cells
b. taken up by the monocytes in the liver
c. converted to acetyl coenzyme A
d. converted to pyruvic acid
e. converted to glucose
d. converted to pyruvic acid
Identify the functions of collagen, elastin, and keratin in the body.
a. enzymes
b. contractile
c. transport
d. structural
e. hormones
d. structural
When ATP is converted into ADP, what is released?
a. three phosphates
b. ribose
c. excess gas
d. energy
e. two phosphates
d. energy
Which of the following are NOT considered antioxidants?
a. vitamin E
b. vitamin A
c. vitamin C
d. vitamin K
e. beta-carotene
d. vitamin K
Which of the following do NOT require phosphorus?
a. formation of bones and teeth
b. normal muscle and nerve activity
c. synthesis of enzymes
d. synthesis of DNA and RNA
e. blood clotting
e. blood clotting
In the MyPlate approach, what takes up half of the plate?
a. fruit and grains
b. grains and dairy
c. vegetables and protein
d. vegetables and fruits
d. vegetables and fruits
Which proton pump contains cytochrome a, cytochrome a3, and two copper atoms?
a. cytochrome oxidase complex
b. NADH dehydrogenase complex
c. pyruvic dehydrogenase
d. cytochrome b-c1 complex
a. cytochrome oxidase complex
Which steps can NOT occur in anaerobic conditions?
a. Krebs cycle
b. glycolysis
c. electron transport chain
b. glycolysis
Which of the following stages of cellular respiration occur in the matrix of the mitochondria?
a. electron transport chain
b. formation of acetyl coenzyme A
c. EMP pathway
d. glycolysis
b. formation of acetyl coenzyme A
The first reaction in glycolysis results in glucose:
a. being phosphorylated
b. being split into two 3-C molecules
c. being converted into lactic acid
d. being converted into fructose
a. being phosphorylated
For each glucose molecule, the total number of ATP molecules produced as a result of the Krebs cycle is:
a. 2
b. 24
c. 12
d. 4
a. 2
The conversion of a 6-carbon glucose into two 3-carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate requires the enzyme:
a. ATP Synthase
b. Phosphofructokinase
b. Phosphofructokinase
The formation of acetyl coenzyme A occurs in the:
a. matrix of the mitochondria
b. inner membrane of the mitochondria
c. cytoplasm of the cell
d. ribosomes of the cell
a. matrix of the mitochondria
Which of the following best describes the relationship between catabolism and anabolism?
a. Heat is released with catabolic reactions only.
b. The energy flow between anabolic reactions and catabolic reactions is reversible.
c. Anabolic reactions provide the energy for catabolic reactions.
d. Anabolic reactions provide the simple molecules needed in catabolic reactions.
e. Catabolic reactions provide the energy for anabolic reactions.
e. Catabolic reactions provide the energy for anabolic reactions.
In the body, about how much of the energy released in catabolic reactions is available for cellular functions?
a. 60%
b. 20%
c. 100%
d. 10%
e. 40%
e. 40%
ATP is a source of long term storage for transferring energy from one molecule to another.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
b. FALSE
Endergonic reactions are:
a. anabolic
b. neither catabolic or anabolic
c. both catabolic and anabolic
d. catabolic
a. anabolic
Which of the following hormones does NOT stimulate protein synthesis?
a. testosterone
b. cortisol
c. insulin
d. insulin like growth factors
e. T3 and T4
f. estrogen
b. cortisol
Where does the process of deamination occur in the body?
a. alpha cells of the pancreas
b. spleen
c. digestive tract
d. hepatocytes of the liver
d. hepatocytes of the liver
Amino acids can be converted by hepatocytes into:
a. ketone bodies
b. glucose
c. fatty acids
d. all of the choices are correct
d. all of the choices are correct
Which of the following are examples of foods that contain complete proteins?
a. potatoes
b. beef
c. beans
d. carrots
e. leafy green vegetables
b. beef
At rest, what percentage of body heat is lost via conduction and convection?
a. 18%
b. 25%
c. 15%
d. 20%
c. 15%
Where is the body’s internal thermostat located ?
a. Anterior part of the thalamus
b. Posterior part of the hypothalamus
c. Anterior part of the hypothalamus
d. Posterior part of the thalamus
c. Anterior part of the hypothalamus
Which of the following are NOT symptoms of hypothermia?
a. bradycardia
b. confusion
c. cardiac arrhythmias
d. acidosis
e. denaturation of proteins
f. shivering
e. denaturation of proteins
The preoptic area receives input from__________.
a. Heat-promoting center
b. Hypothalamus
c. proprioceptors in the skin
d. Heat-losing center
b. Hypothalamus
In a room of 70 degrees F, what percentage of heat loss through radiation occurs in a person at rest?
a. 75%
b. 65%
c. 60%
d. 55%
c. 60%
Which of the following helps to decrease core body temperature back to normal levels?
a. shivering
b. release of epinephrine and
norepinephrine
c. sweating
d. increase of T3 and T4
e. constriction of blood vessels in the skin
f. dilation of major blood vessels
c. sweating
Which of the following happens first in a negative feedback mechanism to conserve heat and increase heat production?
a. adrenal medullae release epinephrine and norepinephrine
b. secretion of TRH by the hypothalamus
c. TSH release by the anterior pituitary
d. thyroid gland releases thyroid hormones
c. TSH release by the anterior pituitary
Heat can NOT be transferred through the body and its surroundings via?
a. Radiation
b. Evaporation
c. Negative Feedback
d. Convection
e Conduction
c. Negative Feedback
Which cells produce and secrete the hormone leptin?
a. adipocytes
b. hepatocytes
c. beta cells of the pancreas
d. thyroid follicles
a. adipocytes
Which of the following represents the percentage of energy expenditure coming from physical activity?
a. 80%
b. 60%
c. 5–10%
d. 30–35%
d. 30–35%
At rest, what percentage of body heat is lost via evaporation?
a. 15%
b. 22%
c. 36%
d. 70%
b. 22%
Which of the following represents the percentage of energy expenditure coming from food-induced thermogenesis?
a. 30–35%
b. 80%
c. 60%
d. 5–10%
d. 5–10%
All of the following are effector responses that increase body temperature, EXCEPT
a. vasodilation of dermal blood vessels
b. hormone release from the adrenal medulla
c. involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle
d. release of thyroid hormones
a. vasodilation of dermal blood vessels
Lipolysis is the breakdown of:
a. lactic acid
b. triglycerides
c. glycerol and fatty acids
d. glycogen
b. triglycerides
Which lipoproteins when found in excessive amounts are responsible for forming fatty plaques in arteries?
a. very-low-density lipoproteins
b. high-density lipoproteins
c. low-density lipoproteins
d. chylomicrons
c. low-density lipoproteins
Which of the following processes can be carried out by hepatocytes and adipose tissue? .
a. alpha oxidation
b. lipolysis
c. hypogenesis
d. ketogenesis
b. lipogenesis, beta oxidation, and lipolysis
Which of the following conditions will cause most of the pyruvic acid produced to enter into ATP-producing reactions?
a. ATP levels are low and oxygen levels are low in a cell.
b. ATP levels are high and oxygen levels are high in a cell.
c. ATP levels are low and oxygen levels are high in a cell.
d. ATP levels are high and oxygen levels are low in a cell.
c. ATP levels are low and oxygen levels are high in a cell.
In order for pyruvic acid to be converted into alanine, what must be added?
a. cholesterol
b. carbon dioxide
c. ribose 5-phosphate
d. an amino group (-NH2)
d. an amino group (-NH2)
Which amino acid can be converted into pyruvic acid?
a. leucine
b. alanine
c. methionine
d. phenylalanine
e. tyrosine
b. alanine, lactic acid and oxaloacetic acid
Which of the following applies to the postabsorptive state?
a. absorption of nutrients is complete
b. occurs between meals
c. energy needs must be met by nutrients already in the body
d. All of the choices are correct.
d. All of the choices are correct.
During fasting and starvation, which of the following are used for production of ATP?
a. amino acids
b. large amounts of glucose
c. ketone bodies
d. glycogen
c. ketone bodies
During the postabsorptive state, which of the following processes directly elevate blood glucose levels?
a. glycogenesis
b. lipolysis
c. lipogenesis
d. glycolysis
e. neogenesis
b. lipolysis
Which of the following are true regarding oxidation?
a. is usually endergonic
b. is also known as hydrogenation
c. is never coupled with reduction reactions
d. involves the loss of elements
e. is usually exergonic
f. involves the gain of electrons
e. is usually exergonic
The definition of a _______ is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1°C.
a. BMR
b. calorie
c. calorigenic
d. kilocalorie
b. calorie
This is the measurement of the energy released from catabolized organic compounds in food.
a. basal
b. kilocalorie
c. calorigenic
d. calorie
d. calorie
Which hormone(s) is/are the main regulators of basal metabolic rate?
a. cortisol
b. glucagon
c. insulin
d. T3 and T4
d. T3 and T4
The measurement of energy expenditure during rest is called the _______ metabolic rate.
a. basal
b. calorigenic
c. kilocalorie
d. calorie
a. basal
The metabolic rate of a child is about half that of an elderly person
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
b. FALSE
What factor affects metabolic rate?
a. geographic location
b. occupation
c. culture
d. gender
d. gender
During strenuous exercise the metabolic rate can increase ________ times the basal rate.
a. 15
b. 10
c. 5
d. 30
a. 15
Which of the following disorders occurs in children when caloric intake is normal, but protein intake is deficient due to a diet consisting largely of cornmeal?
a. anorexia nervosa
b. bulimia
c. kwashiorkor
d. marasmus
e. malnutrition
c. kwashiorkor
Which hormones can pass through the blood brain barrier?
a. Leptin
b. Growth Hormone
c. glucose
d. Estrogen
a. Leptin
What hormone decreases appetite?
a. Ghrelin
b. Glucose
c. Growth Hormone-releasing hormone
d. Leptin
d. Leptin
Food-induced thermogenesis is greatest:
a. after a low-protein meal
b. after a high-fat meal
c. after a high-carbohydrate meal
d. after a high-protein meal
d. after a high-protein meal
This is the measurement used when describing the energy content of foods.
a. kilocalorie
b. calorie
c. calorigenic
d. basal
a. kilocalorie
These have about the same yield of energy of 4 kcal/g.
a. lipids
b. sugars
c. fats
d. carbohydrates
d. carbohydrates
If a single young female exhibits amenorrhea, lowered basal metabolic rate, nutrient deficiencies, and dependency on laxatives, she might have the disorder:
a. scurvy
b. rickets
c. pellagra
d. anorexia nervosa
e. bulimia
d. anorexia nervosa
Protein catabolism is stimulated by the hormone(s) _____________.
a. insulin
b. cortisol
c. T3 and T4
d. epinephrine
b. cortisol
After ingestion of a meal, which of the following does NOT occur to amino acids that go to the liver?
a. used for synthesis of fatty acids
b. used for synthesis of hormones
c. used for ATP production in the Krebs cycle
d. used for synthesis of proteins
e. used for synthesis of glucose
b. used for synthesis of hormones
Which of the following total cholesterol levels are considered high?
a. 190 mg/dl
b. above 239 mg/dl
c. 200–239 mg/dl
d. 200 mg/dl
b. above 239 mg/dl
