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224 CSN > ch 24 digestive system > Flashcards

ch 24 digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

List the regions of the digestive tract from beginning to end and name the accessory organs (if any).

A
  1. Oral Cavity, incl. tongue and teeth. Accessory organs are saliva glands.
  2. Pharynx. Accessory organs are tonsils.
  3. Esophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small Intestine Accessory organs are liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
  6. Large intestine
  7. Anus
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2
Q
  1. What parts does the small intestine consist of?

2. What parts does the large intestine consist of?

A
  1. duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Accessory organs are liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
  2. cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal
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3
Q

What are the 8 functions of the digestive system?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Mastication
  3. Propulsion
  4. Mixing
  5. Secretion
  6. Digestion
  7. Absorption
  8. Elimination
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4
Q

What digestive functions occur in the stomach as opposed to the small intestine?

A

Stomach: protein digestion begins. Chyme is made from food and stomach secretions.

Small intestine: pancreatic enzymes complete food breakdown. Bile from liver emulsifies lipids

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5
Q

What are the 4 major tunics of the digestive tract wall (from inside to out)

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa/Adventitia
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6
Q
  1. What tissues is the mucosa made of and where is it?
  2. What parts of the mucosa have a different type of epithelium? What type is it?
  3. What else does the mucosa line?
  4. What type of receptors are in the mucosa?
A
  1. It faces the gut contents. Made of simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria (areolar connective tissue), the muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle to change mucosa’s shape, not motility).
  2. mouth, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophagus, and anal canal where it’s stratified squamous.
  3. any deep glands in the digestive tract.
  4. stretch receptors and chemoreceptors
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7
Q
  1. Where is the submucosa?
  2. What is the submucosa made of?
  3. What is the submucosal plexus and what does it control?
A
  1. Next layer out from the mucosa.
  2. It is a thick layer of connective tissue and contains glands. (no smooth muscle)
  3. It is a layer of neurons in the submucosa that controls submucosal secretions.
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8
Q
  1. Where is the muscularis?
  2. What is it made of?
  3. How is the muscularis different in the mouth, pharynx, and upper half of esophagus?
  4. How is the muscularis different in the stomach?
  5. Where is the myenteric plexus, and what is its job?
  6. What 2 parts comprise the enteric nervous system (ENS)?
A
  1. The layer just out from the submucosa
  2. 2 layers of smooth muscle. Inner layer is circular and outer layer is longitudinal. Antagonistic.
  3. They have a layer of skeletal muscle.
  4. It has 3 layers of smooth muscle
  5. Between the 2 layers of smooth muscle. It controls the motility in the digestive tract.
  6. The submucosal amnd myenteric plexuses
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9
Q
  1. What is the outermost layer of the digestive tract, and how do we differentiate between its two names?
  2. What is the serosa made of? What is adventitia made of?
A
  1. The serosa or adventitia. If parts of the digestive tract protrude into the peritoneal cavity, it’s called serosa (think serous membrane aka visceral peritoneum). All remaining structures have a connective tissue adventitia.
  2. Serosa is thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium. Adventitia is connective tissue that blends with surrounding connective tissue.
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10
Q
  1. Both the ………… …………… …………. and the ………….. ………… ………… regulate the digestive system.
  2. The ……… has more neurons than the spinal cord and is part of the ………. .
  3. The ………. innervates the ENS mainly by ………………….. stimulation.
  4. The ENS receives sensory input from the gut and controls …………. and ……………. in the gut.
  5. The ENS controls the gut with ………….. ANS input by using …………… …………… that regulate small regions of the gut.
  6. The parasympathetic division ………………… gut activity and the sympathetic division ……………… gut activity.
A
  1. Enteric nervous system (ENS) and the Auntonomic Nervous System (ANS).
  2. ENS, ANS
  3. ANS, parasympathetic
  4. motility and secretion
  5. little. Local reflexes.
  6. Increases, decreases
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11
Q
  1. In addition to nervous system control of the gut, the digestive system is also controlled by what 2 things?
  2. More than ………. transmitters are associated with the ENS.
  3. What two neurotransmitters stimulate gut activity, and what neurotransmitter inhibits gut activity?
  4. Name a few key hormones that regulate the secretion and motility of the digestive system.
  5. In addition to hormones, what is a paracrine chemical released into the digestive tract that influences nearby cells?
A
  1. Neurotransmitters and hormones.
  2. 30
  3. ACh and serotonin stimulate, and Norepinephrine inhibits.
  4. gastrin, secretin, CCK, ect.
  5. histamine
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12
Q
  1. Where does the parietal peritoneum line?
  2. T or F the visceral peritoneum covers most abdominal cavity organs.
  3. Where does the greater omentum cover?
  4. Which 2 structures support the liver and stomach?
  5. What suspends most of the small intestine?
  6. What 3 things do the folds of the peritoneum do?
A
  1. The body wall and the surface of the pelvic organs.
  2. T
  3. Anterior surface of the viscera
  4. the coronary ligament and lesser omentum
  5. mesentery proper
  6. Connect visceral organs to posterior body wall, keep organs in place, and provide a route for blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves.
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13
Q
  1. What 2 structures separate the oral and nasal cavities and forms the roof of the mouth?
  2. The tongue does what 3 things?
  3. Extrinsic muscles of the tongue do what? Intrinsic muscles of the tongue do what?
  4. What do lingual glands secrete? What does it do?
A
  1. The hard and soft palate.
  2. aids in mastication, speech, and deglutition (swallow)
  3. Extrinsic: move the tongue. Intrinsic: change its shape.
  4. Lingual lipase. lipid digestion
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14
Q
  1. What 2 things do the teeth do?
  2. Dentin is …………. than bone and enamel is ……………. than dentin.
  3. How many teeth does primary dentition form?
    How many teeth does secondary dentition form?
  4. The basic movements of mastication are controlled how?
A
  1. mastication and speech
  2. Harder, harder
  3. 20 deciduous teeth. 32 permanent teeth
  4. Reflexively
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15
Q
  1. How many pairs of salivary glands do we have and how much saliva do they secrete per day?
  2. What do the parotid salivary glands secrete? What does it break down?
  3. What do submandibular glands secrete?
  4. The sublingual glands secrete mostly ……………. .
A
  1. 3 pairs. 1-1.5 L per day
  2. serous solution with salivary amylase. Starch. 35-40% of saliva produced here
  3. serous solution, salivary amylase, and mucus. Most saliva is produced here
  4. mucous
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16
Q
  1. How many pharyngeal constrictors does the pharynx have? What do they do?
  2. The esophagus has both ……………. and ……………….. esophageal sphincters to control the movement of material into and out of the esophagus.
  3. What are the 3 phases of swallowing?
A
    1. They aid in swallowing.
  2. upper and lower
  3. the voluntary phase, involuntary pharyngeal phase, and the esophageal phase.
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17
Q
  1. What happens in the voluntary phase of swallowing?
  2. What happens in the involuntary pharyngeal phase?
  3. What happens in the esophageal phase?
A
  1. bolus is moved by the tongue to the oropharynx
  2. soft palate raises, epiglottis closes, and pharyngeal constrictors push bolus towards esophagus. Upper esophageal sphincter relaxes.
  3. muscularis of esophagus moves the bolus to the stomach by peristalsis. Specifically:
    circular layer of muscularis above bolus contracts and longitudinal layer below bolus relaxes.
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18
Q

What are the 2 primary functions of the stomach?

A
  1. storage of food

2. mixing of food with gastric secretions

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19
Q
  1. What is the outermost layer of the stomach?
  2. What is special about the stomach’s muscularis?
  3. What are rugae?
  4. What is the epithelium of the mucosa?
A
  1. the serosa aka visceral peritoneum
  2. It has 3 muscular layers. From in to out: the oblique layer, the middle circular layer, and outer longitudnal layer.
  3. folds of the mucosa and submucosa when stomach is empty.
  4. simple columnar epithelium
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20
Q

What are the 5 types of stomach secretory cells and what do they secrete? Where are the gastric pits and what do they lead to?

A
  1. surface mucous cells: alkaline mucus. This is the only one that isn’t in the gastric glands.
  2. mucous neck cells: mucus
  3. Parietal cells: hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor (absorbs B12)
  4. Chief cells: enzyme pepsinogen (inactivated)
  5. Endocrine cells: Various types that release hormones (gastrin and somatostatin) and paracrine factors (histamine).
  6. In the mucosa and lead to gastric glands
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21
Q
  1. How much gastric juice does the stomach secrete each day?
  2. Ingested food is mixed with gastric juice to form ………….. .
  3. What are 3 functions of HCl?
  4. What effect does HCl have on carbohydrate digestion?
A
  1. 2-3 Liters
  2. Chyme
  3. kills bacteria, denatures proteins, and activates pepsinogen to form pepsin.
  4. It stops carbohydrate digestion by inactivating salivary amylase.
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22
Q

Go thru the steps of Hydrochloric acid production by the parietal cells in the gastric glands of the stomach. Which step is the alkaline tide?

A
  1. CO2 diffuses into the parietal cell.
  2. CO2 + H2O combine (and are catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase) to make H2CO3 carbonic acid.
  3. H2CO3 splits to become HCO3 (bicarbonate ions) and H+
  4. HCO3 goes back to blood as Cl- comes in (swap positions). This step is known as the ALKALINE TIDE
  5. An H+ K+ proton pump moves H+ into duct of gastric gland and K+ into parietal cell
  6. The Cl- ions also move into the gastric gland duct
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23
Q
  1. What factors regulate stomach secretions?

2. what are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?

A
  1. neural and local reflexes, the hormones gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and histamine.
  2. the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase.
24
Q
  1. When does the cephalic phase of gastric secretion begin?
  2. what type of stimulation?
  3. When is secretion inhibited?
  4. Which hormone must be carried back thru the blood to have its effect (even though it is secreted by an entero-endocrine cell)?
  5. Name the paracrine factor that is released by entero-endocrine cells that has the largest impact on HCl secretion.
A
  1. Begins before food enters system with the sight, smell, and thought of food.
  2. parasympathetic stimulation to release Ach which triggers all the secretory cells of the stomach (Parietal, chief, and endocrine).
  3. Once pH drops below 2 secretion is inhibited.
  4. Gastrin
  5. Histamine
25
Q
  1. The contents of the stomach are mixed by ………….. ………….. ……………. .
  2. Food is pushed strongly towards the pylorus by ………….. ……… .
  3. After adequate mixing, the …………….. ………… push a small amount of chyme thru the pyloric sphincter.
  4. Mechanisms that reduce gastric secretion also reduce gastric emptying so it’s not emptied too quickly. Why is this?
  5. What type of meal takes longer to process and empty? Why? What type of meal takes the least time to process and empty?
  6. What are the major inhibitors of gastric motility?
A
  1. gentle mixing waves.
  2. Peristaltic waves.
  3. Peristaltic waves
  4. So chyme has time for proper processing in the duodenum.
  5. A meal with lots of fats and proteins because it uses a lot of CCK which inhibits stomach emptying. A meal of polysaccharides and carbohydrates.
  6. enterogastric reflex and cholecystokinin (CCK)
26
Q
  1. Which part of the digestive tract is where the majority of digestion and absorption takes place?
  2. Which part of the small intestine comprises the first 25cm?
  3. Where are the openings of the pancreatic and bile ducts?
  4. What 3 modifications to the duodenum increase its surface area? And which of these structures contains the capillaries and lacteals?
  5. What is the brush border? What are their enzymes and what do they do?
A
  1. The small intestine
  2. The duodenum
  3. the major and minor duodenal papillae
  4. circular folds (plicae circulares), villi, and microvilli. Villi.
  5. the combined microvilli on the epithelial surface of the villi with their enzymes. Enzymes are dissacharidases and peptideases. They break down carbs and amino acids.
27
Q
  1. -4. What are the 4 major cells types of the mucosa of the duodenum and what do they do?
  2. What are duodenal (aka Brunner) glands?
A
  1. absorptive cells: have microvilli (brush border) that produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested food.
  2. Goblet cells: produce mucus
  3. Granular cells: aka paneth cells may protect against bacteria by secreting lysozyme.
  4. Endocrine cells: produce hormones, gastrin, secretin, and CCK.
  5. glands in submucosa (only in the duodenum) that secrete alkaline mucus into the bottom of intestinal glands.
28
Q
  1. As you travel down the the small intestine into the jejunum and ileum, there are ……… circular folds and ……..
  2. Where are peyers patches found?
  3. What is the job of the ileocecal valve?
  4. What are the 2 types of movement of the small intestine, and how are they regulated?
  5. Is parasympathetic stimulation of major importance in small intestine?
A
  1. fewer. Villi.
  2. in the ileum
  3. controls flow of material to the large intestine, and prevents backflow into lieum.
  4. mixing and propulsion. Regulated by local reflexes.
  5. Parasympathetic stimulation is more important in stomach than small intestine
29
Q
  1. The mucosa of the small intestine produce secretions containing primarily?
  2. Where do most digestive enzymes come from?
  3. Endocrine cells secrete ……… and ……… which regulate secretions of the liver and pancreas.
  4. What two things stimulate intestinal secretions?
A
  1. alkaline mucus, ions, and water.
  2. The pancreas
  3. CCK and secretin
  4. parasympathetic impulses and chemical/tactile stimuli.
30
Q
  1. Which type of stimulation causes salivation and what can trigger this?
  2. What does saliva do?
  3. What does saliva contain?
A
  1. Parasympathetic. Taste, feel, smell, and thought of food.
  2. moistens/flushes mouth, aids digestion, controls microbes, neutralizes acids, aids in mastication, deglutition, and gustation.
  3. water, ions, organic molecules, IgA, lysozyme, and enzymes (aids in digestion).
31
Q

What 9 structures are retroperitoneal?

A

duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, rectum, uterus and bladder.

32
Q

What does histamine secretion in the stomach stimulate?

A
  1. acid secretion by parietal cells.
33
Q

1-3. Name the 3 gastrointestinal hormones that regulate stomach secretion. Where do they come from, what stimulates the secretion of each, what are their secretory effects and what are their motility effects.

  1. Name the paracrine factor that regulates stomach secretion.
A
  1. Gastrin: In stomach. Stimulated by stomach distention and partially digested materials. It increases gastric secretion and minor increase in motility
  2. Secretin: In duodenum. Stimulated by acidity of chyme. Decreases gastric secretion and stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions. Decreases motility.
  3. Cholecystokinin: In duodenum. Stimulated by fatty acids and peptides. Slightly decreases gastric secretion, stimulates pancreatic secretion. Strongly decreases gastric motility.
  4. Histamine
34
Q
  1. When does the gastric phase begin?
  2. What 2 stimuli trigger the secretion of gastric juices?
  3. T or F, this is the phase of gastric regulation in which the greatest volume of gastric secretions is produced?
  4. What triggers the inhibition gastric juices at the end of this phase?
A
  1. When food enters stomach.
  2. Stomach wall distention and the presence of amino acids or peptides in stomach
  3. T
  4. When the pH of the stomach contents drops below 2.
35
Q
  1. When does the intestinal phase of stomach secretion begin?
  2. What is the primary purpose of this phase?
  3. What are the 2 hormones released by the duodenum that inhibit stomach secretions and what triggers them?
  4. What is the name of the reflex that provides neural regulation to this phase and what are its 2 triggers?
A
  1. Starts when chyme enters duodenum. pH of 2
  2. Inhibition of gastric secretion by neural and hormonal mechanisms.
  3. a. Secretin triggered by acidity. b. Cholecystokinin triggered by lipids.
  4. The enterogastric reflex. Distention of duodenum and irritating substances in duodenum (like acidic chyme).
36
Q

What’s the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?

A

mechanical: mastication and mixing
Chemical: digestive enzymes (vitamins, minerals and H20 are absorbed without digestion)

37
Q
  1. What is the largest internal organ?

2. What inputs/outputs are at the liver’s porta?

A
  1. the liver
  2. Inputs: hepatic portal vein, and hepatic artery. Outputs: R and L hepatic ducts. Inferior vena cava also exits the liver, but not at the porta.
38
Q
  1. The hexagonal sub-units of the liver are called? What is at each corner?
  2. What is included in each portal triad, and what direction do contents flow?
  3. Where does the central vein flow toward?
  4. What are hepatic cords and hepatic sinusoids?
  5. What are bile canaliculi?
  6. What secretes bile? Are they exposed to mixed blood from hepatic artery and vein branches?
A
  1. Hepatic lobules. Portal triads
  2. A bile duct, a branch of hepatic artery, and branch of hepatic portal vein. The blood flows towards the central vein, and the bile flows away from the central vein.
  3. The vena cava
  4. strings of hepatocytes radiating away from the central vein they run between hepatic sinusoids that feed off the hepatic branch artery and vein towards the central vein
  5. run between hepatic cords taking bile away from central vein and towards hepatic duct branch
  6. hepatocytes. yes.
39
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the liver?

A
  1. Bile Production: for digestion and excretion
  2. Storage and Release: sugars, lipids, and amino acids
  3. Processing and Conversion of nutrients.
  4. Detox: ammonia, alcohol, ect.
  5. Synthesis of needed molecules: clotting proteins
40
Q
  1. What 2 important things do bile salts do?
  2. What part of bile is excreted?
  3. ………………. stimulation increases bile production, …………….. stimulates bile secretion, and ……. stimulates the gallbladder to expel bile into duodenum.
  4. What happens to bile salts in the ileum?
A
  1. emulsify fats and neutralize stomach acid.
  2. bile pigments like bilirubin and biliverdin
  3. parasympathetic, secretin, CCK
  4. they are absorbed and recycled
41
Q
  1. What are the functions of the gallbladder?
  2. What is the epithelium of the mucosa? Does it have a submucosa?
  3. What does the muscularis do? Does it have serosa or adventitia?
  4. The ……… duct connects the gallbladder to the …………. ………. …… which is a merger between the R and L hepatic ducts.
  5. what stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder?
A
  1. store and concentrate bile
  2. simple columnar. No
  3. ejects bile into duodenum. serosa
  4. cystic, common hepatic duct.
  5. CCK
42
Q
  1. What part of the pancreas is endocrine and which part is exocrine?
  2. Pancreatic juices have an ……………. component and an ……………… component. What is responsible for making the enzymatic portion of the juice? The aqueous part is rich in ……….. which gives pancreatic juice a ………… pH than stomach secretions.
  3. What 3 things does the aqueous portion contain?
  4. Why is it important for pancreatic juices to be more basic?
A
  1. Endocrine: islets of langerhan. Exocrine: Acininar cells.
  2. aqueous, enzymatic. The acini. Bicarbonate HCO3, higher
  3. Na+, K+, and HCO3
  4. Stops pepsin digestion, Neutralize chyme to not damage duodenum, and is needed for brush border enzymes to function
43
Q
  1. What are the enzymes in the enzymatic component of pancreatic juice?
  2. Which of these are the proteolytic enzymes and why are they released in an inactive form?
  3. What activates trypsinogen? What activates the other proteolytic enzymes?
A
  1. pancreatic amylase: digests starch
    pancreatic lipase: digests lipids

trypsin: digests proteins
chymotrypsin: digests proteins
carboxypeptidase: digests proteins

ribonuclease: degrade RNA
deoxyribonuclease: degrade DNA

  1. trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase. Would digest the pancreas itself if released in active forms.
  2. enterokinase. trypsin
44
Q
  1. What stimulates the secretion of the aqueous solution of pancreatic juice?
  2. What stimulates the secretion of the enzymatic portion of the pancreatic juice?
A
  1. secretin (because it is triggered by acidity)

2. CCK (because it is triggered by fatty acids)

45
Q
  1. What are the functions of the large intestine?
  2. What does the vermiform appendix contain?
  3. What is the teniae coli? What does it form?
  4. What is the structural difference between the internal and external anal sphincter?
A
  1. Absorb water and salt, secrete mucus, store and eliminate waste.
  2. Lymphatic nodules
  3. the cord-like band of longitudinal smooth muscle that forms haustra
  4. Internal is just a thicker continuation of the smooth muscle from the colon’s muscularis. External is skeletal muscle
46
Q
  1. What does the large intestine secrete?
  2. What do microbes break down and make?
  3. The epithelial cells absorb what? What follows?
  4. How much chyme enters the large intestine per day and how much feces is produced from it?
A
  1. mucus
  2. Vitamin K
  3. Na+ and Cl-, water by osmosis
  4. 1500mL, 80-150mL is produced
47
Q
  1. How often do mass movements occur in the large intestine?
  2. What triggers gastrocolic reflex? Enterocolic reflex?
  3. What do the gastrocolic and enterocolic reflex do?
  4. When is the defecation reflex initiated?
A
  1. 3-4 times per day
  2. food in stomach, chyme in duodenum
  3. cause peristalsis in small intestine, open ileocecal sphincter, and mass movements in large intestine.
  4. When feces enters rectum
48
Q

Describe the steps of the defecation reflex.

A
  1. stretch receptors in rectum send impulse to spinal cord.
  2. contraction of rectum longitudinal muscles
  3. Internal anal sphincter relaxes
  4. Defecation happens when external anal sphincter relaxes (voluntarily)
49
Q
  1. Where do digestion/absorption primarily occur?
  2. Molecules are absorbed across which surface of the epithelial cells? What surface are they released from?
  3. Where do water-soluble molecules go? Where do lipid soluble molecules go?
A
  1. small intestine
  2. apical surface, basal surface
  3. hepatic portal system to liver. into lacteals either to adipose tissue or liver.
50
Q
  1. What enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion? Where does this enzyme become inactivated?
  2. What is the next enzyme to break down these disaccharides.
  3. what do brush-border disaccharidases do?
  4. How are glucose and galactose absorbed, and along with what else?
  5. How is fructose absorbed?
  6. How are monosaccharides absorbed? What is their destiny?
A
  1. Salivary amylase. In acidic stomach.
  2. Pancreatic amylase
  3. break down disaccharides into monosaccharides (simple sugars)
  4. active transport with Na+
  5. facilitated diffusion
  6. facilitated diffusion. They are converted into glucose by liver.
51
Q
  1. What enzymes break down lipids (triglycerides), and into what?
  2. What must first emulsify lipids before pancreatic lipase can do its work?
  3. What is a micelle and what does it do?
  4. Once inside the epithelial cell, what happens to the micelle? What is it now called?
  5. What is the fate of chylomicrons?
A
  1. Lingual lipase, gastric lipase, and pancreatic lipase into monoglycerides and fatty acids.
  2. bile salts.
  3. It is a droplet of lipid coated in bile salt. It crosses easily into the intestinal epithelial cells.
  4. It gets converted back into a triglyceride and gets coated in protein. Now called a chylomicron
  5. They cross the basal surface of the epithelial cell into a lacteal. They get taken into adipose cells, broken down into component parts, rebuilt and stored for later use. The liver breaks down the remnants of the chylomicron.
52
Q
  1. How are lipids carried in blood?
  2. What is a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)? HDL? VLDLs?
  3. What is the destiny of VLDLs?
  4. What happens when we have too many LDLs?
  5. What do HDL’s do?
A
  1. as protein coated structures called lipoproteins
  2. Low density refers to protein content, so LDLs are low protein/high lipid. HDLs are high protein/low lipid. VLDLs are very low protein/high lipid
  3. go to adipose tissue and become LDLs. LDL’s then transport cholesterol to body’s cells. Body’s cells endocytize the LDL to get the cholesterol.
  4. Cholesterol gets deposited in arteries.
  5. Transport excess cholesterol to liver for excretion in bile.
53
Q
  1. What breaks down protein in stomach? What do they get broken down into?
  2. What are the next enzymes to work on proteins. What are they broken down into?
  3. What other structure/enzyme breaks down the proteins? How are they absorbed?
  4. Once inside the cells, dipeptides and tripeptides are broken down into what? Then what happens to them?
A
  1. Pepsin. Large polypeptides.
  2. Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase) breaks polypeptides into tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids.
  3. Brush-border peptidases. Facilitated diffusion or active transport.
  4. amino acids. They get transported to body cells and the liver, which can form more amino acids as needed.
54
Q
  1. How much water is ingested per day in food and drink?
  2. How many Liters of digestive secretions are added to this per day?
  3. …….. % of the water is absorbed by the small intestine, and ………. % is absorbed by the large intestine, and …….. % is in the feces.
  4. Water moves back and forth through the walls of the digestive tract and into the lumen of the intestines by …………. as the water follows the ions and nutrients.
A
  1. 2L
  2. 7L
  3. 92%, 6-7%, 1%
  4. Osmosis
55
Q
  1. Which ions are absorbed by active transport?

2. Which ion is absorbed by diffusion?

A
  1. sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate.

2. chloride

224 CSN (13 decks)

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